Poplar is not only one of the fast growing tree species for wood production in forestry, but also an important model tree species for forestry research. The xylem and cambial zone are the most studied tissues for reason of their obvious economic benefits. Great achievements have been made in the applicable basic research in poplar with the establishment of the rudimentary knowledge of vascular system in tree species. There is a transition zone from primary to secondary tissues in stem of poplar. The effective elements, cytochemical changes of development and the structural feature of vascular tissues are expounded; Some available evidences are sure to be provided for explaining the molecular mechanism of development of vascular tissues due to the molecular biology research. The review of the anatomical and physiological advance of vascular system in poplar was put forward in this paper in order to pass through the advance and prospects on related research fields of cytobiology in trees.