Applying O. fragrans ’Ziyingui’and O. fragrans ’Rixianggui’as experimental materials, the author studied the morphological features and anatomical structures of roots and stems of O. fragrans by Parafin method. The primary structure of O. fragrans root consists of epidermis, cortex and vascular cylinder (stele). Epidermis has many single cell hairs, i. e. root hairs. The long axes of epidermis cells are vertical to the circumference of root. Exodermis and endodermis exist obviously. Endodermis has Casparian band. The primary 2 xylem of O. fragrans root has 5 ridges of protoxylem, named as pentarch root. The secondary structure of O. fragrans root consists of secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium and periderm. The primary structure of O. fragrans stem also consists of epidermis, cortex and vascular cylinder. There are a few of glandular hairs on its epidermis. More vascular bundles exist in its primary structure. They are small or large, named as collateral bundle. The stem’s pith owns more space observed from its transverse section. The secondary structure of O. fragrans stem is composed of secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium and periderm. There is much more phloem fibre in the secondary phloem. Phloem fibre distributes around the stem, forms a total fibre ring. This structure improves the pliancy of O. fragrans stem.