PDF(1702 KB)
大兴安岭北端地形因子对针叶林土壤黑碳储量的影响
王明哲, 崔晓阳, 李斯雯, 张伟波, 赵华晨
南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1) : 151-158.
PDF(1702 KB)
PDF(1702 KB)
大兴安岭北端地形因子对针叶林土壤黑碳储量的影响
Effects of topographic factors on soil black carbon storage in coniferous forests at the north end of Greater Khingan Mountains
,
【目的】气候变化对人类社会发展产生的影响受到了世界各国的广泛关注,提高森林生态系统的固碳潜力被认为是经济可行且有效减缓大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的重要途径之一,大兴安岭地区森林生态系统的黑碳储量在全球碳循环和碳汇方面具有重要的作用。研究大兴安岭不同地形因子条件下土壤黑碳的储藏分布特征,为区域森林土壤黑碳储量准确估算和森林土壤固碳功能的定量评估提供参考依据。【方法】在大兴安岭北端寒温带针叶林区,按照坡位、坡向差异,对称设置20块样地,采集1 m剖面内不同发生层土样。采用氢氟酸(HF)和盐酸(HCl)处理的重铬酸盐氧化方法对土壤黑碳进行分离,探讨了地形因子(坡位、坡向和坡度)对黑碳(BC)分布的影响,并借助逐步回归分析量化各因子对土壤黑碳密度变异的相对影响程度。【结果】①研究区土壤黑碳密度(面密度)范围为0.02~3.64 kg/m2,腐殖质层密度最大,占全剖面的50.3%,具有明显的表层集聚效应;黑碳占有机碳的比例范围为3.7%~42.5%,除凋落物层外随深度增加呈不断增加的趋势,说明黑碳含量依土层减小的程度比有机碳含量依土层减少的程度小,对比非黑碳成分黑碳向下迁移的程度更大,其稳定性更强;各土层黑碳含量变化范围为0.24~59.13 g/kg,空间变异性较大。②坡位显著影响土壤黑碳含量和密度的分布,不同土层之间下坡位的黑碳含量均显示高于上坡位,下坡腐殖质层黑碳密度是上坡的2.21倍,其1 m剖面黑碳密度是上坡的1.91倍;不同土层间黑碳占有机碳比例均显示下坡位高于上坡位,而差异未达到显著水平;逐步回归显示,坡位对土壤黑碳数量分异的影响较大,可独立解释腐殖质层黑碳密度空间变异的42.1%、1 m剖面黑碳密度空间变异的46.0%。③坡向通过光照和温度的不同影响黑碳储量分布,总体看来,BC含量(除凋落物层和母质层)和BC密度(除凋落物层)均显示阳坡略高于阴坡,但差异不显著,故坡向对黑碳影响较小;腐殖质层土壤BC密度与坡度无显著相关性,而按上下坡分组统计比较淀积层和全部1 m剖面,则上下坡点位分群趋势明显,下坡BC密度与坡度呈显著正相关,上坡BC密度与坡度无显著相关性,坡度对黑碳分布的影响不及坡位大。【结论】大兴安岭林区黑碳储量丰富,BC主要存在于土壤表层并缓慢向下迁移,其生物化学惰性可有效促进碳固定,提升森林土壤碳汇能力。坡位是影响研究区域森林土壤黑碳分布的主控因子,在同一发生层内,不同坡位的土壤剖面间由于土壤理化性质、植被类型、地表径流冲刷作用等因素的各异导致黑碳含量和密度存在较大差异。研究结果可部分解释区域黑碳分布规律,并为碳汇林立地的选取与经营提供参考。
【Objective】 The impact of climate change on the development of human society has attracted extensive attention all over the world. Improving the carbon sequestration potential of forest ecosystems is considered to be one of the important ways to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentration economically and effectively. The black carbon (BC) reserves of forest ecosystems in the Greater Khingan Mountains area play an important role in the global carbon cycle and carbon sequestration. The storage and distribution characteristics of soil BC under different topographical factors were studied in order to provide basic parameters for the accurate estimation of BC storage in regional forest soil and for the quantitative evaluation of forest soil carbon sequestration. 【Method】Based on differences in slope positions and slope aspects, 20 sample plots were set up symmetrically in the cold temperate conifer forest area at the northern end of the Greater Khingan Mountains, and soil samples from different occurrence layers in 1 m sections were collected. Soil BC was separated by the oxidation of dichromate treated with HF/HCl. The effects of topographical factors (the position, aspect and gradient of slope) on the distribution of soil BC were investigated. The relative influence of each factor on the variation in soil BC density was quantified by the stepwise regression analysis.【Result】①The soil BC density in this area ranges from 0.02 to 3.64 kg/m2. The density of the humus layer was the highest, accounting for 50.3% of the total, which had an obvious surface agglomeration effect. The BC contributions ranged from 3.7% to 42.5% of the organic carbon. With increasing depth, there was an increasing trend (except for the litter layer). The results showed that the degree of decrease of the BC content in the soil layer was smaller than that of the organic carbon content, according to the soil layer. Compared with the non-BC composition, the downward migration of BC was greater, and its stability was stronger. The variation range of the BC content in each soil layer was 0.24 to 59.13 g/kg, and the spatial variability was large.②The soil BC content and density distribution were significantly affected by the slope position, and the BC content in the downslope position between different soil layers was higher than that in the upslope position. The density of BC in the humus layer of the downslope position was 2.21 times higher than that in the upslope position, and the BC density of the 1 m profile in the downslope position was 1.91 times than that of the upslope position. The ratio of BC to the organic carbon in different soil layers showed that the downslope ratio was higher than the upslope, but the difference did not reach a significant level. The stepwise regression showed that the slopes position had a great effect on the differentiation of soil BC. Slope could independently explain 42.1% of the spatial variation of BC density in the humus layer and 46.0% of the spatial variation of BC density in the 1 m profile. ③The slope aspect affects the distribution of BC reserves through different illumination and temperatures. Overall, the BC content (except for the litter layer and the parent material layer) and BC density (except for the litter layer) showed that the sunny slope was slightly higher than the shady slope, but the difference was not significant. Thus, the slope aspect had little effect on BC. There was no significant correlation between the soil BC density and slope in the humus layer, compared with the 1 m profile and the illuvial horizon according to the upslope and downslope grouping. The trend of the point grouping was obvious: the BC density in the downslope was positively correlated with the slope, the BC density in the upslope was not significantly correlated with the slope, and the influence of the slope on BC distribution was not as great as that of the slope position. 【Conclusion】The Greater Khingan Mountains forest region is rich in BC reserves. The black carbon mainly exists in the surface layer of soil and moves slowly. Its biochemical inertia can effectively promote carbon fixation and enhance the carbon sequestration capacity of forest soil. The slope position is the main control factor affecting the distribution of BC in forest soil in this region. In the same layer, there are great differences in the BC content and density among different soil profiles owing to different soil physical and chemical properties, vegetation types, surface runoff scour, and so on. The research results can partly explain the distribution of BC in the region and provide a reference for the selection and management of carbon sequestration forest sites.
针叶林 / 土壤黑碳 / 有机碳 / 地形因子 / 空间变异 / 大兴安岭
coniferous forest / soil black carbon / organic carbon / topography factor / spatial variability / Greater Khingan Mountains
| [1] |
林伟盛. 森林土壤呼吸对皆伐与火烧的响应情况[J]. 安徽农学通报, 2012,18(20):74,103.
|
| [2] |
王海淇, 郭爱雪, 邸雪颖. 大兴安岭林火点烧对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的即时影响[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2011,39(5):72-76.
|
| [3] |
|
| [4] |
Marine sediments act as the ultimate sink for organic carbon, sequestering otherwise rapidly cycling carbon for geologic timescales. Sedimentary organic carbon burial appears to be controlled by oxygen exposure time in situ, and much research has focused on understanding the mechanisms of preservation of organic carbon. In this context, combustion-derived black carbon has received attention as a form of refractory organic carbon that may be preferentially preserved in soils and sediments. However, little is understood about the environmental roles, transport and distribution of black carbon. Here we apply isotopic analyses to graphitic black carbon samples isolated from pre-industrial marine and terrestrial sediments. We find that this material is terrestrially derived and almost entirely depleted of radiocarbon, suggesting that it is graphite weathered from rocks, rather than a combustion product. The widespread presence of fossil graphitic black carbon in sediments has therefore probably led to significant overestimates of burial of combustion-derived black carbon in marine sediments. It could be responsible for biasing radiocarbon dating of sedimentary organic carbon, and also reveals a closed loop in the carbon cycle. Depending on its susceptibility to oxidation, this recycled carbon may be locked away from the biologically mediated carbon cycle for many geologic cycles.
|
| [5] |
尹云锋, 杨玉盛, 高人, 等. 皆伐火烧对杉木人工林土壤有机碳和黑碳的影响[J]. 土壤学报, 2009,46(2):352-355.
|
| [6] |
康宏樟, 喻文娟, 刘春江. 森林土壤黑碳:功能、储量和测定方法[J]. 上海交通大学学报(农业科学版), 2010,28(5):474-479.
|
| [7] |
孙金兵, 宋金凤, 高菲, 等. 生态系统类型及地形因子对土壤黑碳含量与分布的影响[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2013,41(34):13224-13229.
|
| [8] |
|
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
|
| [11] |
汪青. 土壤和沉积物中黑碳的环境行为及效应研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2012,32(1):293-310.
土壤和沉积物是全球黑碳排放的主要归宿,土壤和沉积物中黑碳具有复杂的环境行为和环境效应。分析了黑碳的概念,指出应以环境意义为出发点去理解黑碳概念的丰富内涵;描述了黑碳形成过程及其对黑碳理化性质的影响,以及基于此的黑碳分类;总结了黑碳来源辨析的若干种常用方法;讨论了黑碳在土壤/沉积物与其他环境介质之间的迁移循环过程,以及在土壤和沉积物内部的迁移行为;探讨了土壤和沉积物中黑碳的降解行为与稳定性,及其与地-气碳氮温室气体通量、土壤稳定碳库的关系,以及在土壤碳循环模型中的作用;综述了土壤和沉积物中黑碳对有机物、重金属和营养盐的吸附行为及主要机制;提出了今后研究的主要方向,以供相关研究者参考。
|
| [12] |
The extent of the soil organic carbon pool doubles that present in the atmosphere and is about two to three times greater than that accumulated in living organisms in all Earth's terrestrial ecosystems. In such a scenario, one of the several ecological and environmental impacts of fires is that biomass burning is a significant source of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Nevertheless, the oxidation of biomass is usually incomplete and a range of pyrolysis compounds and particulate organic matter (OM) in aerosols are produced simultaneously to the thermal modification of pre-existing C forms in soil. These changes lead to the evolution of the OM to
|
| [13] |
|
| [14] |
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
尹云锋, 杨玉盛, 高人, 等. 黑碳在杉木人工林土壤不同组分中的分配规律研究[J]. 土壤, 2009,41(4):625-629.
|
| [17] |
张华, 王志立. 黑碳气溶胶气候效应的研究进展[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2009,5(6):311-317.
黑碳气溶胶能吸收从可见光到红外波段的太阳辐射，已经被部分研究认为是造成全球变暖的一个潜在因子。黑碳气溶胶既可以通过直接气候效应改变地-气系统的辐射平衡，又可以作为云凝结核或冰核改变云的微物理特性，间接影响区域或全球气候。对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫及其气候效应的研究现状进行总结和分析后，指出了目前黑碳气溶胶气候效应研究中存在的不确定性，并对未来的相关研究提出了一些建议。
|
| [18] |
|
| [19] |
何跃, 张甘霖. 城市土壤有机碳和黑碳的含量特征与来源分析[J]. 土壤学报, 2006,43(2):177-182.
|
| [20] |
|
| [21] |
|
| [22] |
李丽霞, 郜艳晖, 张瑛. 哑变量在统计分析中的应用[J]. 数理医药学杂志, 2006,19(1):51-53.
|
| [23] |
|
| [24] |
|
| [25] |
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
AbstractScanning electron microscopy, surface area determination, elemental analysis, organic matter extraction and solid-state cross polarization/magic angle spinning and Bloch decay/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to investigate distinctive features among carbonaceous combustion residues. Black carbon (BC) samples included diesel soot, urban dust, carbon black, chimney soot, vegetation fire residues, wood and straw charcoals. Particles varied from small spheres (<50 nm) in fossil BC (>100 m2/g), to large layered structures in plant-derived BC (generally <8 m2/g). Chimney soot also included large (>1 μm) liquid-like structures, while spherules >100 nm were unique to urban dust. The ratios of amorphous to soot carbon (SC) (isolated by thermal degradation) were not necessarily correlated with the degree of aromaticity estimated from H/C ratios. In particular, values of SC in diesel soot were clearly overestimated. Solvent-extractable organic matter (SEOM) was <2% for charcoals and carbon black, but >13% for urban dust, chimney and diesel soot. SEOM is thought to clog pores or to form large waxy globules, hence reducing surface areas. The ratio of polar/nonpolar SEOM was generally <7 for fossil BC, but >30 for plant-derived BC. NMR analysis revealed essentially one chemical shift in the aromatic C region of charcoals, while diesel soot also showed important aliphatic contributions. Aliphatic and oxygenated C predominated over aryl C in urban dust and chimney soot. These morphological and chemical characteristics of the BC samples are discussed in terms of their environmental implications. |
| [28] |
|
| [29] |
Ligninolytic basidiomycetes (wood and leaf-litter-decaying fungi) have the ability to degrade low-rank coal (lignite). Extracellular manganese peroxidase is the crucial enzyme in the depolymerization process of both coal-derived humic substances and native coal. The depolymerization of coal by Mn peroxidase is catalysed via chelated Mn(III) acting as a diffusible mediator with a high redox potential and can be enhanced in the presence of additional mediating agents (e.g. glutathione). The depolymerization process results in the formation of a complex mixture of lower-molecular-mass fulvic-acid-like compounds. Experiments using a synthetic 14C-labeled humic acid demonstrated that the Mn peroxidase-catalyzed depolymerization of humic substances was accompanied by a substantial release of carbon dioxide (17%-50% of the initially added radio-activity was released as 14CO2). Mn peroxidase was found to be a highly stable enzyme that remained active for several weeks under reaction conditions in a liquid reaction mixture and even persisted in sterile and native soil from an opencast mining area for some days.
|
| [30] |
|
| [31] |
|
| [32] |
|
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
刘兆云, 章明奎. 林地土壤中黑碳的出现及分布特点[J]. 浙江林学院学报, 2009,26(3):341-345.
|
| [35] |
|
| [36] |
薛丽佳, 高人, 杨玉盛, 等. 武夷山土壤有机碳和黑碳的分配规律研究[J]. 林业科学研究, 2011,24(3):399-403.
|
| [37] |
|
| [38] |
韩永明, 曹军骥. 环境中的黑碳及其全球生物地球化学循环[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2005,25(1):125-132.
|
| [39] |
张履勤, 章明奎. 土地利用方式对红壤和黄壤颗粒有机碳和碳黑积累的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2006,37(4):662-665.
|
| [40] |
王阳, 章明奎. 不同类型林地土壤颗粒态有机碳和黑碳的分布特征[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2011,37(2):193-202.
为了解不同类型植被对森林土壤有机碳库及有机碳稳定性的影响 , 从浙江省泰顺县乌岩岭自然保护区采集6类自然植被 ( 常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林、灌草丛、毛竹 ) 下的土壤剖面 , 分层分析土壤有机碳总量、颗粒态有机碳 (POM-C) 和黑碳碳库的分布特征 , 并与当地农业土壤进行比较 . 结果表明 : 1 m 土体中有机碳总量由高至低分别为常绿阔叶林 ( 53.95 kg.m -2) ＞ 常绿落叶阔叶林 (52.87 kg.m -2) ＞ 灌草丛 ( 39.22 kg.m -2) ＞ 针阔混交林 ( 38.50kg.m -2) ＞ 针叶林 ( 29.57 kg.m -2) ＞ 毛竹 ( 21.00 kg.m -2) ＞ 农地 (15.68 kg.m -2) ;POM -C 贮量由高至低也有相似的趋势 ; 黑碳贮量由高至低依次为 :常绿阔叶林 (5.54 kg.m -2) 、常绿落叶阔叶林 ( 5.54 kg.m -2) ＞ 农地 ( 4.22 kg.m -2) ＞灌草丛 (3.68 kg.m -2) ＞ 针阔混交林 ( 3.10kg.m -2 ) ＞ 针叶林 ( 2.60 kg.m -2) ＞ 毛竹 ( 2.10 kg.m -2 ) ; 农用地颗粒态有机碳占总碳的比例明显低于林地土壤 , 而黑碳占总碳的比例则明显高于林地 , 表明农用地土壤有机碳的稳定性明显高于森林土壤 ; 当林地开垦转变为农用地后 ,POM-C 优先比其他土壤有机碳分解和下降 , 而黑碳却有增加的趋势.
|
| [41] |
刘兆云, 章明奎. 侵蚀—沉积连续地形中土壤碳库的空间分异[J]. 水土保持通报, 2009,29(3):61-65.
|
| [42] |
李林海, 郜二虎, 梦梦, 等. 黄土高原小流域不同地形下土壤有机碳分布特征[J]. 生态学报, 2013,33(1):179-187.
研究了黄土高原小流域尺度塬面、坡地、沟道和梯田4种地形条件下土壤有机碳总量和活性组分的分布、储量及碳库管理指数的差异。结果表明,小流域土壤有机碳和不同活性有机碳的变异系数介于32%-70%之间,表现出中到高度的变异特征。4种地形下各组分有机碳含量和储量以塬面土壤最高,沟道土壤最低,并随土层深度的增加而降低,降低程度随有机碳活性增强而增加。以塬面土壤为对照所获得的碳库管理指数可灵敏指示有机碳对地形条件的响应特征,中活性有机碳库管理指数的指示效果最好。研究结果可部分解释黄土高原土壤有机碳地带性分布特征。
|
| [43] |
张颖妮. 过火后森林土壤黑碳的分布格局特征研究[D]. 福州:福建农林大学, 2011.
|
| [44] |
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
