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原始红松林皆伐后穿透雨对凋落物淋溶过程的影响
Effects of the litter leaching process by throughfall after clear cutting of primary Pinus koraiensis forest
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【目的】揭示原始红松林皆伐恢复演替为60年生的次生阔叶林后,凋落物对淋溶过程土壤养分归还及酸沉降的缓冲作用的影响,为评价森林生态功能的变化提供参考。【方法】以小兴安岭地区典型的原始红松林和皆伐后恢复演替60 a的次生阔叶林为研究对象,在两个样地内选择非林隙且林木通直分布均匀处放置30个体积为1 L的冠层穿透雨收集器,在每个穿透雨收集器附近设置1个凋落物淋溶液收集器。于2017年4—11月期间每隔45 d野外原位收集林下穿透雨和凋落物的淋溶液,以穿透雨为对照,对两者凋落物淋溶液中养分元素、可溶性有机物 (DOM) 的含量及pH的变化规律进行比较。【结果】与原始红松林相比,次生阔叶林凋落物中养分元素溶出总量显著偏低 (P<0.05),但不同元素的溶出规律并不一致,两个林型凋落物养分元素的释放高峰多集中于6月和7月;两者相比,原始红松林凋落物中DOM的溶出总量、可溶性有机碳 (DOC) 和可溶性有机磷 (DOP) 都极显著偏高,而可溶性有机氮 (DON) 的溶出量则极显著偏低 (P<0.01)。两个林型穿透雨中养分元素与DOM的变化规律与淋溶液基本一致。整个实验期间,两种林型的林下穿透雨pH变动范围为5.34~7.21,而凋落物淋溶液pH变动范围为6.37~7.65,凋落物层能对穿透雨的pH进行有效调节。两者相比,原始红松林凋落物层对林内穿透雨的调节作用更大。【结论】原始红松林皆伐恢复演替为60年生的次生阔叶林后,凋落物层在淋溶过程对土壤养分及DOM归还的能力减弱;凋落物层可以对穿透雨的pH进行有效调节,两者相比,原始红松林凋落物层对林内穿透雨的酸缓冲作用更强。
【Objective】The effects of the throughfall leaching process on the litter nutrient release into soil nutrition and the buffer action of litter on throughfall-accompanied acid deposition were assessed in a primary Pinus koraiensis forest and in a secondary broad-leaved forest that had recovered for 60 years after clear-cutting. 【Method】 We selected a typical primary P. koraiensis forest and a 60-year-succession secondary broad-leaved forest after clear cutting of the primary forest in Lesser Khingan Mountains as the research materials. Two sampling sites were set and 30 throughfall collectors with a volume of 1 L were placed in the two sites with nonforest gaps and the uniform straight tree distribution. A litter leaching solution collector was set up near each throughfall collector. We collected in situ the solution of throughfall and litter leaching in the two forests at an interval of 45 days from April to November 2017. The concentrations of nutrient elements and dissolved organic matter (DOM), and pH values in the litter leaching solution of the two forest types were compared. 【Result】Compared to the primary P. koraiensis forest, the total amount of leaching nutrient elements in the secondary broad-leaved forest was significantly lower (P <0.05). The changing patterns of leached elements were inconsistent between the two forests. The release peak of nutrient elements of the two forest types both occurred mainly in June and July. The total amounts of DOM, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) leached from the litters were significantly higher, but the total dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was lower in the primary P. koraiensis forest than in the secondary broad-leaved forest (P <0.01). The changing patterns of the nutrient elements and DOM in the throughfall and litter leaching solutions were similar between the two forest types. The pH value of the throughfall ranged from 5.34 to 7.21, while the pH value of leachate in the litter ranged from 6.37 to 7.65. The results indicated that the litter layer effectively regulated the pH of the throughfall. The range of pH regulation by the litter layers was larger in the primary P. koraiensis forest than that in the secondary broad-leaved forest. 【Conclusion】The litter layers play regulatory roles in solution pH before the throughfall into forest soils. Compared to the primary P. koraiensis forest, the nutrient release efficiency and pH adjustment of the litter layers were lower in the secondary broad-leaved forest.
原始红松林 / 恢复演替 / 凋落物 / 淋溶 / 土壤养分 / 可溶性有机物 / 酸缓冲
primary Pinus koraiensis forest / restoration succession / litter / leaching / soil nutrient element / dissolved organic matter / acid buffering
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为探讨福建省三明市马尾松人工林淋溶液中水溶性有机物（DOM）的溶解特征和光谱学特征，以马尾松（Pinusmassoniana）和芒萁（Dicranopteris dichotoma）鲜叶、未分解层（L 层）和半分解层（F 层）凋落物为研究对象进行室内淋溶，对淋溶液中的水溶性有机碳（DOC）、水溶性有机氮（DON）与水溶性有机磷（DOP）含量和紫外光谱（SUVA）、荧光光谱指标和红外光谱（FTIR）等特征进行研究。结果表明，在24 h 内，随着淋溶时间的延长，DOM 含量呈现有波动的上升趋势；芒萁除鲜叶的DOC含量显著高于马尾松外（P<0.01），其余DOM 含量均小于马尾松。两植物F 层DOM 的SUVA 值和腐殖化指标（HIX）都显著高于鲜叶和L 层（P<0.05），表明F 层的芳香性化合物含量和腐殖化程度越来越高。DOM 的同步荧光峰值显示淋溶液中含有类蛋白和类富里酸荧光团。两植物的红外光谱显示有5 个相似的吸收谱带，强度最大的吸收来自于H 键键合的-OH 的伸缩振动，同一植物3 种样品之间红外吸收的差异证明从鲜叶-L 层-F 层凋落物的共轭体系逐渐增大，结构更复杂。因此，随分解进程两植被DOM 的化学结构越来越复杂；马尾松较芒萁含有更多的DON 和DOP，这一方面为微生物提供了更多的养分，另一方面又增加了底物分解的难度。
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Soil respiration is a major pathway in the global carbon cycle and its response to environmental changes is an increasing concern. Here we explored how total soil respiration (RT) and its components respond to elevated acid rain in a mixed conifer and broadleaf forest, one of the major forest types in southern China. RT was measured twice a month in the first year under four treatment levels of simulated acid rain (SAR: CK, the local lake water, pH 4.7; T1, water pH 4.0; T2, water pH 3.25; and T3, water pH 2.5), and in the second year, RT, litter-free soil respiration (RS), and litter respiration (RL) were measured simultaneously. The results indicated that the mean rate of RT was 2.84 +/- 0.20 mumol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in the CK plots, and RS and RL contributed 60.7% and 39.3% to RT, respectively. SAR marginally reduced (P = 0.08) RT in the first year, but significantly reduced RT and its two components in the second year (P < 0.05). The negative effects were correlated with the decrease in soil microbial biomass and fine root biomass due to soil acidification under the SAR. The temperature coefficients (Q10) of RT and its two components generally decreased with increasing levels of the SAR, but only the decrease of RT and RL was significant (P < 0.05). In addition, the contribution of RL to RT decreased significantly under the SAR, indicating that RL was more sensitive to the SAR than RS. In the context of elevated acid rain, the decline trend of RT in the forests in southern China appears to be attributable to the decline of soil respiration in the litter layer.
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森林水源涵养功能作为森林生态系统服务的一个重要方面，在国内的研究已有数十年的历史。多数研究中将森林水源涵养功能狭义地等同于森林对降雨的拦蓄能力或对径流的调节能力，而忽略了其对各水文过程的整体性作用以及对气象和土壤因子的综合性影响。此外，在不同研究区域中，对于森林水源涵养功能的理解和研究方法往往一概而论，并未考虑研究区域的自然条件特性和社会经济特征，这使得研究结果的区域针对性不足，限制了对其进一步的应用推广。针对上述问题，在全面分析森林水源涵养的含义和特征之后，定义了不同区域的水源涵养功能内涵和主导服务，并给出了不同区域森林水源涵养功能的适宜计算方法，以期为不同区域森林水源涵养功能的全面提升和水源涵养林生态修复工程提供科学依据。
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