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长三角区域酸雨类型转变趋势研究
Changing trends of acid rain types in the Yangtze River Delta region
【目的】酸雨是人类面临的重要环境问题,而我国长三角区域已成为全球重要酸雨影响地区之一。目前,我国已对SO2排放进行了有效控制,但随着氮氧化物排放量显著增多,氮沉降问题逐渐加剧。为此,探究长三角区域的酸雨类型转变趋势,为现在及将来酸雨危害严重地区森林生态系统恢复和可持续经营发展提供理论依据。【方法】将长三角区域作为研究对象,以上海、南京、苏州和宁波4个城市为代表,通过分析4个城市降水及大气排放物特征,了解区域酸雨类型的特点。【结果】长三角区域多年平均降水pH和酸雨频率分别为4.87±0.28和(57.12±18.67)%,大气中SO2含量逐年显著下降,但是4个代表城市大气NO2含量变化趋势存在差异。其中,上海和南京地区NO2含量缓慢下降,而苏州和宁波地区NO2含量则仍然呈显著上升趋势。降水pH仍然受SO2含量变化的显著影响,降水中硫氮比( 与 含量比)从20世纪90年代的7.5左右下降到当前的2.0左右,区域酸雨类型已经转变为硫酸-硝酸混合型。【结论】长三角区域仍然受到酸雨影响,且酸雨中硫氮比正逐渐降低,酸雨类型发生了转变,这将对长三角区域生态系统提出更加严峻的考验。
【Objective】 Acid rain is an environmental problem of global concerns. The Yangtze River Delta region of China (YRD) has become one of the major acid rain regions in the world. Currently, SO2 emissions in China have decreased because of the implementation of a series of SO2 control measures. However, NO2 emissions have not decreased significantly, and this may lead to a progressive change in the type of acid rain. Exploring the changing trends of acid rain types in the YRD region will provide a theoretical basis for the restoration and sustainable management development of forest ecosystems stressed by acid rain. 【Method】 In this study, we explored the characteristics of acid rain in the YRD region by integrating the characteristics of precipitation and atmospheric emissions in major cities. 【Result】 The annual average pH values and frequency of acid rain were 4.87±0.28 and (57.12±18.67)% in the YRD region. The SO2 content in the atmosphere significantly decreased year by year. However, no consistent pattern of NO2 content was found in different cities. The NO2 content decreased slowly in Shanghai and Nanjing. In contrast, the NO2 content in the atmosphere clearly increased in Suzhou and Ningbo. The precipitation pH values were still mainly influenced by SO2 in the YRD region. However, the / in precipitation decreased from 7.5 in the 1990s to 2.0, which suggests that the type of acid rain has changed from sulfuric acid rain (SAR) to mixed acid rain (MAR) in the YRD region. 【Conclusion】 The Yangtze River Delta region experiences stress because of acid rain, and the / of acid rain has decreased year by year. In the future, the change in acid rain types from SAR to MAR, or to nitric acid rain (NAR), might complicate the ongoing challenge of ecosystem stability and increase the risks to ecosystem functioning in the YRD region.
长三角地区 / 酸雨 / 二氧化硫 / 氮氧化物 / 硫氮比
Yangtze River Delta / acid rain / sulfur dioxide(SO2) / nitrogen oxide (NOx) /
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Acidification of rain-water is identified as one of the most serious environmental problems of transboundary nature. Acid rain is mainly a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids depending upon the relative quantities of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen emissions. Due to the interaction of these acids with other constituents of the atmosphere, protons are released causing increase in the soil acidity Lowering of soil pH mobilizes and leaches away nutrient cations and increases availability of toxic heavy metals. Such changes in the soil chemical characteristics reduce the soil fertility which ultimately causes the negative impact on growth and productivity of forest trees and crop plants. Acidification of water bodies causes large scale negative impact on aquatic organisms including fishes. Acidification has some indirect effects on human health also. Acid rain affects each and every components of ecosystem. Acid rain also damages man-made materials and structures. By reducing the emission of the precursors of acid rain and to some extent by liming, the problem of acidification of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem has been reduced during last two decades.
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