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丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下桢楠光合生理的影响
Effects of AMF on photosynthetic characteristics of Phoebe zhennan under salt stress
【目的】研究盐胁迫条件下,桢楠接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)后叶片光合色素含量、气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的变化情况,以期为桢楠在盐碱地造林提供参考。【方法】采用分光光度法测定叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,采用Li-6400便携式光合仪测定气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数。【结果】不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,AMF接种与未接种处理桢楠光合色素含量均呈现显著差异,AMF显著提高了桢楠叶片的光合色素含量。盐胁迫下AMF接种处理后桢楠叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著高于未接种处理;AMF接种桢楠叶片的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)变化不显著,而未接种处理则显著降低;未接种处理的非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)在盐浓度为300 mmol/L时显著升高,而AMF接种处理的NPQ没有显著变化。双因素方差分析表明,接种AMF对Chl a、Chl b、Car含量和ΦPSⅡ有显著影响。【结论】AMF通过改善光合色素含量、气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,提高了桢楠对光能的利用能力,从而减轻了盐分对桢楠造成的伤害,表明AMF能够增强桢楠的耐盐性,进而促进桢楠在盐碱性土壤中生长。
【Objective】 The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and salt stress on the photosynthetic pigment content, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Phoebe zhennan were studied to provide a reference for afforestation using P. zhennan in saline-alkali land. 【Method】 The contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and carotenoids (Car) were determined by spectrophotometry, and the gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined using a Li-6400 portable photosynthesis instrument. 【Result】Under the different concentrations of salt stress, the contents of Chl a, Chl b and Car in the leaves of P. zhennan were significantly different between the AMF and non-AMF treatments, and the AMF significantly increased the chlorophyll content. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) in the leaves of P. zhennan with the AMF treatment were significantly higher than those of the non-AMF treatment. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ (Fv/Fm), PSⅡ quantum yield (ΦPSⅡ), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of the AMF treatment leaves under salt stress did not change significantly, whereas those in the non-AMF treatment leaves decreased significantly. The non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) of non-AMF treatment leaves increased significantly at 300 mmol/L salt concentration, while the AMF treatment leaves were not significantly changed. The two-way analysis of variance showed that the AMF had significant effects on the contents of Chl a, Chl b, Car and ΦPSⅡ. 【Conclusion】The AMF improves the utilization of light energy by P. zhennan by increasing the photosynthetic pigment content, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, thereby reducing salt damage to P. zhennan. This shows that the AMF can enhance the salt tolerance of P. zhennan and promote its growth in saline-alkaline soils.
Phoebe zhennan / arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) / salt stress / photosynthetic characteristics
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Excessive salt accumulation in soils is a major ecological and agronomical problem, in particular in arid and semi-arid areas. Excessive soil salinity affects the establishment, development, and growth of plants, resulting in important losses in productivity. Plants have evolved biochemical and molecular mechanisms that may act in a concerted manner and constitute the integrated physiological response to soil salinity. These include the synthesis and accumulation of compatible solutes to avoid cell dehydration and maintain root water uptake, the regulation of ion homeostasis to control ion uptake by roots, compartmentation and transport into shoots, the fine regulation of water uptake and distribution to plant tissues by the action of aquaporins, the reduction of oxidative damage through improved antioxidant capacity and the maintenance of photosynthesis at values adequate for plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can help the host plants to cope with the detrimental effects of high soil salinity. There is evidence that AM symbiosis affects and regulates several of the above mentioned mechanisms, but the molecular bases of such effects are almost completely unknown. This review summarizes current knowledge about the effects of AM symbiosis on these physiological mechanisms, emphasizing new perspectives and challenges in physiological and molecular studies on salt-stress alleviation by AM symbiosis.
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[目的] 研究盐碱胁迫下丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对沙枣苗木的生长和生理的影响,以期探索AM真菌提高沙枣苗木耐盐碱机制,为菌根化沙枣苗木在盐碱地推广应用提供理论基础。[方法] 采用盆栽法研究了4种不同土壤盐碱度下分别接种根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉对沙枣苗木的生长影响,并对沙枣苗木的光合特性、Na+和K+含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量等各项生理指标进行测定。[结果] 2种AM真菌均能与沙枣苗木建立共生关系,且GI处理对苗木的侵染率显著高于接种GM处理,但随着土壤中盐浓度增加,沙枣苗木菌根侵染率有所降低。在同一盐碱度下接种AM真菌可显著促进沙枣幼苗的生长,在中度盐碱胁迫下(含盐量1.56%,pH 9.52),接种GI和GM的沙枣苗木株高分别较未接种AM真菌植株增加了20.07%,9.68%,植株干生物量显著增加;AM真菌可显著提高盐碱胁迫下沙枣幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和光合生理特性,其叶片净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、胞间二氧化碳浓度Ci均显著高于未接种AM真菌处理的幼苗(P<0.05)。接种GI和GM处理植株叶片组织内SOD,CAT和POD酶活性显著高于对照处理,但根系及叶片组织内丙二醛含量显著低于对照处理的植株,而其脯氨酸含量却都表现出显著提高。接种AM真菌沙枣根系和叶片中Na+含量较未接种处理植株显著下降,K+含量和K+/Na+比值显著提高。[结论] 接种AM真菌能显著提高沙枣苗木耐盐碱能力。接种根内球囊霉的沙枣苗木的生长及抗盐碱胁迫能力的各项生理指标均显著高于接种摩西球囊霉处理的苗木,表明根内球囊霉在盐碱地改良方面具有很好的推广应用前景。
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The seasonality of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi–plant symbiosis in Lotus glaber Mill. and Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) O.K. and the association with phosphorus (P) plant nutrition were studied in a saline-sodic soil at the four seasons during a year. Plant roots of both species were densely colonized by AM fungi (90 and 73%, respectively in L. glaber and S. secundatum) at high values of soil pH (9.2) and exchangeable sodium percentage (65%). The percentage of colonized root length differed between species and showed seasonality. The morphology of root colonization had a similar pattern in both species. The arbuscular colonization fraction increased at the beginning of the growing season and was positively associated with increased P concentration in both shoot and root tissue. The vesicular colonization fraction was high in summer when plants suffer from stress imposed by high temperatures and drought periods, and negatively associated with P in plant tissue. Spore and hyphal densities in soil were not associated with AM root colonization and did not show seasonality. Our results suggest that AM fungi can survive and colonize L. glaber and S. secundatum roots adapted to extreme saline-sodic soil condition. The symbiosis responds to seasonality and P uptake by the host altering the morphology of root colonization.
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The underlying mechanism of selenium (Se) mediating plant salt tolerance is not well understood and information on how plant growth and development is regulated by phenological Se application (20 and 40mg/L) under salinity stress is scarce. In present study, we have appraised the impact of phenological Se application on growth, antioxidant defense system and ionic imbalance in maize under salinity. Salinity (12dSm(-1)) reduced growth, concentration of chlorophyll and K(+) in root and leaf. Contrarily, salinity increased toxic Na(+), malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 concentration that resulted in oxidative damage. Lower level of Se application (20mg/L) increased growth and chlorophyll by reducing oxidative damage due to high cell concentrations of MDA and H2O2. Se reduced endogenous levels of H2O2 and MDA under salinity. Moreover, Se regulated antioxidant defense system by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) and influenced the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics and flavonoids). Se-induced better antioxidant system protected plants from oxidative damage. We have also recorded substantial increase in K(+) and decrease in Na(+) concentration in plants treated with 20mg/L Se under salinity stress. The impact of Se on plant growth and development is linked with the growth stage of exogenous application. Foliar Se at reproductive and both vegetative and reproductive stages improved salinity tolerance in maize compared with vegetative stage.
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A non-destructive cultivation system was developed to study the dynamics of phosphorus (Pi) uptake by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal maize plantlets. The system consisted of a plant container connected via silicon tubes to a glass bottle containing a nutrient solution supplemented with Pi. The nutrient solution is pumped with a peristaltic pump to the upper part of the container via the silicon tubes and the solution percolate through the plantlet container back into the glass bottle. Pi is sampled from the glass bottle at regular intervals and concentration evaluated. Maize plantlets were colonized by the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 and Pi uptake quantified at fixed intervals (9, 21, and 42 h) from the depletion of the Pi in the nutrient solution flowing through the plantlets containers. Plants and fungus grew well in the perlite substrate. The concentration of Pi in the bottles followed an almost linear decrease over time, demonstrating a depletion of Pi in the circulating solution and a concomitant uptake/immobilization by the plantlet-AMF associates in the containers. The Pi uptake rate was significantly increased in the AMF-colonized plantlets (at 9 and 21 h) as compared to non-colonized plantlets, although no correlation was noticed with plant growth or P accumulation in shoots. The circulatory semi-hydroponic cultivation system developed was adequate for measuring Pi depletion in a nutrient solution and by corollary Pi uptake/immobilization by the plant-AMF associates. The measurements were non-destructive so that the time course of Pi uptake could be monitored without disturbing the growth of the plant and its fungal associate. The system further opens the door to study the dynamics of other micro and macro-nutrients as well as their uptake under stressed growth conditions such as salinity, pollution by hydrocarbon contaminants or potential toxic elements.
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Rice is a salt-sensitive crop whose productivity is strongly reduced by salinity around the world. Plants growing in saline soils are subjected to the toxicity of specific ions such as sodium, which damage cell organelles and disrupt metabolism. Plants have evolved biochemical and molecular mechanisms to cope with the negative effects of salinity. These include the regulation of genes with a role in the uptake, transport or compartmentation of Na(+) and/or K(+). Studies have shown that the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis alleviates salt stress in several host plant species. However, despite the abundant literature showing mitigation of ionic imbalance by the AM symbiosis, the molecular mechanisms involved are barely explored. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of the AM symbiosis on the expression of several well-known rice transporters involved in Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis and measure Na(+) and K(+) contents and their ratios in different plant tissues. Results showed that OsNHX3, OsSOS1, OsHKT2;1 and OsHKT1;5 genes were considerably upregulated in AM plants under saline conditions as compared to non-AM plants. Results suggest that the AM symbiosis favours Na(+) extrusion from the cytoplasm, its sequestration into the vacuole, the unloading of Na(+) from the xylem and its recirculation from photosynthetic organs to roots. As a result, there is a decrease of Na(+) root-to-shoot distribution and an increase of Na(+) accumulation in rice roots which seems to enhance the plant tolerance to salinity and allows AM rice plants to maintain their growing processes under salt conditions.
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Rice is the most important food crop in the world and is a primary source of food for more than half of the world population. However, salinity is considered the most common abiotic stress reducing its productivity. Soil salinity inhibits photosynthetic processes, which can induce an over-reduction of the reaction centres in photosystem II (PSII), damaging the photosynthetic machinery. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis may improve host plant tolerance to salinity, but it is not clear how the AM symbiosis affects the plant photosynthetic capacity, particularly the efficiency of PSII. This study aimed at determining the influence of the AM symbiosis on the performance of PSII in rice plants subjected to salinity. Photosynthetic activity, plant gas-exchange parameters, accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and rubisco activity and gene expression were also measured in order to analyse comprehensively the response of the photosynthetic processes to AM symbiosis and salinity. Results showed that the AM symbiosis enhanced the actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and reduced the quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching in rice plants subjected to salinity. AM rice plants maintained higher net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate than nonAM plants. Thus, we propose that AM rice plants had a higher photochemical efficiency for CO2 fixation and solar energy utilization and this increases plant salt tolerance by preventing the injury to the photosystems reaction centres and by allowing a better utilization of light energy in photochemical processes. All these processes translated into higher photosynthetic and rubisco activities in AM rice plants and improved plant biomass production under salinity.
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