低密度造林对杉木生长、形质和材种结构的影响

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202007021

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 165-173.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202007021

低密度造林对杉木生长、形质和材种结构的影响

熊光康¹(), 厉月桥¹^,^*(), 熊有强¹, 段爱国², 曹德春¹, 孙建军¹, 聂林芽¹, 盛炜彤²

1.中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业实验中心,江西分宜 336600
2.中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京 100091

收稿日期:2020-07-09 修回日期:2020-10-25 出版日期:2021-05-30 发布日期:2021-05-31
通讯作者: 厉月桥
基金资助:
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(CAFYBB2014MB007);亚林中心省级杉木、马尾松等良种基地建设补贴项目

Effects of low stand density afforestation on the growth,stem-form and timber assortment structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

XIONG Guangkang¹(), LI Yueqiao¹^,^*(), XIONG Youqiang¹, DUAN Aiguo², CAO Dechun¹, SUN Jianjun¹, NIE Linya¹, SHENG Weitong²

1. Experimental Center of Subtropical Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fenyi 336600 China
2. Research Institute of Foresty Chinese, Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091 China

Received:2020-07-09 Revised:2020-10-25 Online:2021-05-30 Published:2021-05-31
Contact: LI Yueqiao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】对江西大岗山地区低密度杉木人工林自然稀疏进程、林木生长进程、形质特征、材种结构和经济效益动态变化特征进行调查分析,为杉木低密度造林调控管理提供科学依据。【方法】以2 500株/hm²传统造林密度为对照,对设立在江西省分宜县初植密度为1 111、1 667株/hm²的2种低密度杉木试验林生长发育规律进行了25 a动态监测分析。【结果】林分平均树高、平均胸径、枝下高和蓄积量均随林龄增加而增加,随密度的减小而递增;19~25年生时不同造林密度林分的平均胸径差异达显著水平,8~19年生和22~25年生时分别为枝下高和蓄积量增加最快的时期,但二者受林分密度的影响均不明显;累积枯损率和林木自然分化程度随林龄的增加而增加,随密度的降低而减小,25年生时不同造林密度林分累积枯损率差异达显著水平;林木平均冠幅随年龄增加呈先上升后下降再缓慢上升的趋势,19年生时不同密度的冠幅间差异达显著水平;年均自然稀疏率和林冠重叠度随林龄的增加呈先上升再缓慢下降的趋势,年均自然稀疏率22年生时达最大值,林冠重叠度8年生时达最大值,此时不同密度的林冠重叠度间差异达显著性水平。25年生时,造林密度为1 111和1 667株/hm²林木的胸高形率、心材占比高于造林密度为2 500株/hm²的指标,断梢率、高径比和幼/成龄材比率低于造林密度为2 500 株/hm²的指标,其中高径比密度间差异达显著水平;19~25年生近成熟龄期,林分大径木比例和大径材出材量均随造林密度降低而增加,该时期1 111和1 667株/hm²低密度林分总蓄积量、总出材量和经济材出材量逐渐与造林密度为2 500株/hm²接近,25年生时造林密度为1 667株/hm²的总蓄积量、总出材量和经济材出材量均超越造林密度为2 500株/hm²的指标。经济效益分析表明,造林密度1 667株/hm²林分的纯收入和净现值最大,比2 500株/hm²林分的提高了1.09倍和1.10倍,而造林密度为1 111株/hm²的效益成本比和内部收益率最高,分别为7.35和30.20%。【结论】初植造林密度1 111和1 667株/hm²较适宜在江西大岗山地区杉木人工林造林中选择应用。

关键词: 杉木, 低密度试验, 林木生长, 形质, 材种结构

Abstract:

【Objective】 The goal of this study was to clarify the growth process, shape, quality characteristics, timber species structure and dynamic change characteristics of the economic benefits of low-density Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in the Dagangshan area of Jiangxi Province. 【Method】 Using the traditional planting density of 2 500 individuals/hm ² as the control, the growth and development of two low-density Chinese fir experimental forests with an initial planting density of 1 111 and 1 667 individuals per hectare in Fenyi County of Jiangxi Province were monitored and analyzed for 25 years. 【Result】 The average tree height, average diameter at breast height (DBH), under branch height, and stock volume increased with stand age and decreasing densities. The average DBH of different stand densities at 19-25 years of age differed significantly, and the height under branches and volume increased the fastest at 8-19 years and 22-25 years of age, respectively. The results showed that the degree of natural differentiation increased with an increase in forest age and decreased with a decrease in densities. The cumulative withering rate was 25 years, and the difference between densities was significant. The average crown width of trees first increased, then decreased, and then increased slowly with an increase in age, and reached significant differences among densities at 19 years old. The annual average sparse rate and degree of crown overlap of natural lines first increased and then decreased slowly with an increase in forest age; the annual average natural sparsity rate reached a maximum value at 22 years of age, and the canopy overlap degree reached a maximum value at 8 years of age. The difference between the densities was significant. At 25 years, the breast height form ratio and heartwood ratio of 1 111 individuals per hectare and 1 667 individuals per hectare were higher than 2 500 individuals per hectare , and the rate of broken shoots, ratio of height to diameter, and young-adult wood ratio were lower than 2 500 individuals per hectare , and the difference in the height diameter ratio density was significant. At the near mature age of 19-25 years, the proportion of large diameter trees and volume of large-diameter timber increased with the decrease in stand densities, and 1 111 individuals per hectare and 1 667 individuals per hectare occurred in this period. The results showed that the total volume, total timber output, and economic timber output of the low-density stands were close to 2 500 individuals per hectare , and the total volume, total timber output, and economic timber output of 1 667 individuals per hectare stand exceeded 2 500 individuals per hectare at 25 years, respectively. The economic benefit analysis showed that the net income and net present value of the 1 667 individuals per hectare stand were the highest, which were 1.09 and 1.10 times higher than those of the 2 500 individuals per hectare , respectively, whereas 1 111 individuals per hectare had the highest benefit-cost ratio and internal rate of return, which were 7.35 and 30.20%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The initial planting density of 1 111 individuals per hectare and 1 667 individuals per hectare can be selected and applied in the plantations of Cunninghamia lanceolata in the Dagangshan area of the Jiangxi Province.

Key words: Cunninghamia lanceolata, low stand density afforestation, tree growth, stem-form, timber assortment structure

中图分类号:

S725

熊光康,厉月桥,熊有强,等. 低密度造林对杉木生长、形质和材种结构的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 45(3): 165-173.

XIONG Guangkang, LI Yueqiao, XIONG Youqiang, DUAN Aiguo, CAO Dechun, SUN Jianjun, NIE Linya, SHENG Weitong. Effects of low stand density afforestation on the growth,stem-form and timber assortment structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 45(3): 165-173.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202007021.

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重复 replication	坡位 slope position	坡向 aspect	坡度/(°) gradient	样地编号 plot number	株行距/m planting density	行数 rows	列数 columns	样地面积/ m² plot area	定植株数 planting
Ⅰ	下坡	东南	36	1	3×3	8	7	504	56
				2	2×3	8	11	528	88
				3	2×2	10	12	480	120
Ⅱ	下坡	东	34	4	3×3	8	7	504	56
				5	2×3	8	10	480	80
				6	2×2	10	12	480	120
Ⅲ	中下	北	39	7	3×3	8	7	504	56
				8	2×3	7	11	462	77
				9	2×2	10	12	480	120

林龄/a age	活立木株数/(株·hm^-2) living standing trees			枯损木株数/(株·hm^-2) damaged wood			累积枯损率/% cumulative natural sparsity
林龄/a age	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C
4	1 111.00± 0.00 a	1 667.00± 0.00 a	2 500.00± 0.00 a	0.00± 0.00 a	0.00± 0.00 a	0.00± 0.00 a	0.00± 0.00 a	0.00± 0.00 a	0.00± 0.00 a
8	1 038.33± 30.01 a	1 611.67± 15.04 b	2 354.33± 54.99 c	72.67± 30.01 b	55.33± 15.04 ab	145.67± 54.99 a	6.55± 2.73 a	3.31± 0.90 a	5.83± 2.20 a
19	985.67± 69.72 c	1 365.67± 192.17 b	1 889.00± 229.59 a	125.67± 69.24 b	301.33± 192.17 ab	611.00± 229.5 9a	11.31± 6.27 a	18.06± 11.54 a	24.44± 9.18 a
22	879.67± 11.55 c	1 093.00± 53.70 b	1 423.67± 150.77 a	231.33± 11.55 c	573.67± 54.28 b	1 076.33± 150.77 a	20.83± 1.03 a	34.43± 3.25 a	43.06± 6.03 a
25	820.33± 102.08 b	1003.33± 83.94 b	1 257.33± 157.87 a	291.00± 101.53 c	663.00± 84.50 b	1 215.67± 168.22 a	26.19± 9.16 b	39.80± 5.06 a	50.28± 6.31 a

林龄/ a age	造林密度 initial planting density			径级株树占比/% diameter tree																																						直径分布特征 diameter distribution characteristics
				小径木/cm small diameter timber																			中径木/cm middle diameter timber						大径木/cm large diameter timber													直径分布特征 diameter distribution characteristics
				小径木/cm small diameter timber																			中径木/cm middle diameter timber						大径木/cm large diameter timber													变异系数CV		峰度 kurtosis	偏度 skewness
				2		4		6		8		10		12			14		16		18		20		22		24		26		28		30		32		34		36		38	变异系数CV		峰度 kurtosis	偏度 skewness
8	A	15.43					0.64		3.82		7.01		20.38		26.75	19.11		17.20		4.46		0.64																0.191		-0.336			-0.128
	B	14.27	0.45		0.45		0.45		6.54		13.81		23.27		22.79	24.24		7.14		0.88																		0.203		0.127			-0.423
	C	12.93			0.88		3.24		9.73		21.83		23.01		28.32	10.32		2.65																				0.216		-0.225			-0.298
19	A	22.66											2.01		2.68	8.72		16.78		15.44		14.77		16.11		12.08		7.38		3.36	0.67							0.189		-0.201			0.118
	B	20.62							0.47		2.00		3.85		8.91	13.42		16.62		13.99		18.81		9.39		9.59		2.45		0.51								0.217		-0.457			0.003
	C	18.74							1.84		2.57		6.62		15.81	17.65		18.38		14.71		9.93		7.35		2.21		2.94										0.224		-0.158			0.239
22	A	24.19											1.48		1.48	4.55		11.26		15.80		15.04		14.29		13.54		12.79		5.27	3.76			0.75				0.193		-0.065			0.110
	B	22.68									0.63		1.24		3.14	10.07		16.57		14.70		11.16		19.41		6.20		10.63		4.33	1.92							0.199		-0.523			0.152
	C	20.32							0.49		1.46		2.93		12.20	16.10		17.07		13.66		14.63		9.76		5.85		1.95		3.41	0.49							0.223		-0.164			0.392
25	A	26.06											0.81		1.53	4.58		8.39		10.68		16.02		11.45		12.21		12.21		9.92	8.39	2.29				1.53		0.202		-0.222			0.103
	B	24.53											1.29		3.77	7.58		11.58		16.05		11.73		11.20		10.69		9.25		9.40	4.37	2.43				0.66		0.211		-0.826			0.178
	C	22.31									1.46		2.91		13.11	11.17		16.50		12.62		8.74		11.17		8.25		5.83		1.46	3.88	2.91						0.231		-0.320			0.496

造林密度/(株·hm^-2) initial planting density	胸高形率 taper	高径比 height diameter ratio	断梢率/% breaking rate	心材占比/% heartwood ratio	幼成龄材比率/% young adult ratio
2 500	0.684±0.049 a	77.869±3.926 a	13.490±2.309 a	78.142±4.51 a	0.797±0.174 a
1 667	0.689±0.048 a	73.899±4.312 b	8.787±3.305 a	83.301±3.21 a	0.764±0.131 a
1 111	0.687±0.049 a	69.219±4.325 c	11.469±2.433 a	79.254±3.79 a	0.740±0.135 a
均值mean	0.687±0.048	73.662±5.437	11.249±3.117	80.330±4.06	0.767±0.145

林龄/a age	造林密度 initial planting density	薪材/ (m³·hm^-2) fuelwood	小条木/ (m³·hm^-2) stripe wood	经济材/(m³·hm^-2) economic timber				总出材量/ (m³·hm^-2) total timber output
林龄/a age	造林密度 initial planting density	薪材/ (m³·hm^-2) fuelwood	小条木/ (m³·hm^-2) stripe wood	小径材 little diameter timber	中径材 medium diameter timber	大径材 big diameter timber	合计 tolal	总出材量/ (m³·hm^-2) total timber output
8	A	0.02	3.18	53.38	19.89	0.00	73.27	76.47
	B	0.08	7.74	81.37	9.69	0.00	91.06	98.88
	C	0.33	16.17	94.67	4.06	0.00	98.73	115.23
19	A	0.00	0.13	24.11	121.79	124.08	269.99	270.12
	B	0.00	1.14	51.47	159.28	90.84	301.59	302.74
	C	0.00	2.88	97.31	169.83	58.95	326.09	328.96
22	A	0.00	0.09	14.72	109.70	186.09	310.50	310.60
	B	0.00	0.34	32.83	139.86	158.17	330.86	331.20
	C	0.00	1.15	69.64	160.23	101.44	331.31	332.46
25	A	0.00	0.05	9.75	92.76	268.01	370.52	370.58
	B	0.00	0.06	20.56	122.40	252.90	395.87	395.93
	C	0.00	0.30	47.36	148.55	194.42	390.32	390.62

低密度造林对杉木生长、形质和材种结构的影响

Effects of low stand density afforestation on the growth,stem-form and timber assortment structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

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造林密度 initial planting density	成本/(元·hm^-2) cost					总产出/ (元·hm^-2) out put	纯收入/ (元·hm^-2) net income	净现值/ (元·hm^-2) NPV	效益成本比 BCR	内部收益率/% IRR
造林密度 initial planting density	清林整地 site preparation	苗木 nursery stock	造林 afforestation	3年抚育 tending for 3 years	采伐运输 cut transport	总产出/ (元·hm^-2) out put	纯收入/ (元·hm^-2) net income	净现值/ (元·hm^-2) NPV	效益成本比 BCR	内部收益率/% IRR
A	525	250.05	40	540	96 350	815 950	718 246	65 088	7.35	30.20
B	525	375.08	60	540	102 941	834 490	730 049	66 046	6.99	29.70
C	525	562.50	90	540	101 562	759 946	656 666	59 075	6.36	28.35

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