空气甲醛污染的植物修复机制

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202111029

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 1-12.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202111029

空气甲醛污染的植物修复机制

熊燕飞(), 陈跃锋, 毛志强, 曹杏红, 叶语涵, 张建坤()

武汉理工大学化学化工与生命科学学院,湖北武汉 430070

收稿日期:2021-11-16 修回日期:2022-03-24 出版日期:2023-07-30 发布日期:2023-07-20
通讯作者: * 张建坤(jiankunzhang2005@163.com),副教授。
作者简介:熊燕飞(1571932762@qq.com),副教授。
基金资助:
校企合作项目(20202h0206)

Phytoremediation mechanisms of air formaldehyde pollution

XIONG Yanfei(), CHEN Yuefeng, MAO Zhiqiang, CAO Xinghong, YE Yuhan, ZHANG Jiankun()

School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

Received:2021-11-16 Revised:2022-03-24 Online:2023-07-30 Published:2023-07-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于植物的生理代谢特性和环境适应性,植物修复是空气甲醛清除最为节能环保和有效的方法。对大量室内观赏植物、部分小型野生植物和农作物及基因改造植物的甲醛清除作用的调查研究可知,植物对甲醛的清除过程涉及甲醛的吸收、转运和代谢3个阶段,植物通过叶片(主要是气孔、保卫细胞、叶表角质膜扩散)和根毛吸收甲醛,植物吸收的甲醛大部分在吸收部位的组织细胞中代谢,小部分转运至根际或者从根部转运至叶,植物代谢甲醛的途径主要为卡尔文循环、C1代谢和乙醛酸代谢,不同代谢途径的作用和特点不同。基于此,关于空气甲醛污染进行植物修复的进一步研究提出3点建议:①开发甲醛清除能力强的植物种类;②探索植物代谢甲醛的新途径;③深入分析甲醛代谢对植物正常光合作用及生物质产生的影响。

关键词: 空气甲醛污染, 植物修复, 清除机制, 卡尔文循环, C1代谢

Abstract:

Phytoremediation is the most energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and effective method for the air formaldehyde removal based on the physiological and metabolic characteristics and environmental adaptability of plants. The formaldehyde removal efficiencies of many indoor ornamental plants and some small wild plants, crops and genetically modified plants have been investigated. Plant formaldehyde scavenging involves three stages: absorption, transport and metabolism. Formaldehyde is absorbed by plants mainly through the leaves (stomata, guard cells, and leaf surface cuticle diffusion) and root hair. Most of the formaldehyde absorbed by plants was metabolized in tissue cells at the absorption site, and a small portion is transported to the rhizosphere or from the roots to the leaves. Formaldehyde is metabolized primarily through the Calvin cycle, C1 metabolism and glyoxylate pathway. Different metabolic pathways have distinct roles and characteristics. Based on this, the following suggestions are proposed:(1) Development of plant species with a strong formaldehyde-scavenging ability. (2) Exploring new ways for plants to metabolize formaldehyde. (3) It is necessary to make a profound study on the effects of formaldehyde metabolisms on normal photosynthesis and biomass production in plants.

Key words: air formaldehyde pollution, phytoremediation, removal mechanism, Calvin cycle, C1 metabolism

中图分类号:

S718

熊燕飞,陈跃锋,毛志强,等. 空气甲醛污染的植物修复机制[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023, 47(4): 1-12.

XIONG Yanfei, CHEN Yuefeng, MAO Zhiqiang, CAO Xinghong, YE Yuhan, ZHANG Jiankun. Phytoremediation mechanisms of air formaldehyde pollution[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, 47(4): 1-12.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202111029.

图/表 2

表1

室内空气甲醛去除方法及优缺点分析"

去除方法 removal method	去除材料 removal material	去除机制 removal mechanism	缺点 disadvantage	优点 advantage
通风换气法 ventilation method	自然或机械通风	通风换气	受室内甲醛浓度、季节等条件的限制较多	成本低,操作简便,短时去除效果好
物理吸附法 physical adsorption method	活性炭、分子筛、硅胶等多孔物质	表面吸附	材料吸附容量有限,当吸附量达到饱和时需及时更换	实际操作相对简单,价格较为低廉
等离子体技术 plasma technology	低温等离子体和高温等离子体	利用产生的高能电子与污染气体分子发生非弹性碰撞,使气体发生激发、离解、电离等活化反应,进而实现污染去除的目的	会产生臭氧等副产物导致二次污染	降解速率快、效果好
光催化氧化法 photocatalytic oxidation method	TiO₂及其掺杂改性物或其他金属氧化物及其复合氧化物	利用光照使光催化材料表面生成光电子(e^-)和空穴(h⁺),通过电子和空穴的氧化还原性产生高活性的自由基,去除污染物	需光源照射,存在二次污染风险,投资造价较高,不适用于解决生活中的甲醛污染问题	反应条件温和、能耗低、降解效率高、适用范围广,可清除多种有机污染物,常温常压下实施
化学吸收法 chemical absorption method	以氨、胺的衍生物为代表、可与醛基作用的化学物质	利用氨、胺衍生物的氨基与甲醛的亲核加成反应吸收甲醛	有些吸附化学试剂毒性较大,存在二次污染,且合成工艺较复杂,影响材料性能	作用快,效率高,可直接喷涂在甲醛发生源等材料上
植物净化法 phytoremediation	盆栽植物或植物提取物	植物体吸收并经多种反应代谢为无害物质;或植物提取物吸收转化为无害物质	净化速率较慢且受季节影响,可能引起花粉过敏	效果稳定、无二次污染、安全环保,具有高观赏性和湿度调节功能

表1

图1

植物对甲醛的清除机制甲醛吸收与转运absorption and transport of HCHD:HCHO.甲醛formaldehyde;GSH.谷胱甘肽glutathione;GS-CHO.S-甲酰谷胱甘肽S-formylglutathione;HCOOH.甲酸formic acid;Arg.精氨酸arginine;Lys.赖氨酸;methyl/formyl lysine.甲酰/甲基赖氨酸Lysine;HMA.S-羟甲基精氨酸S-hydroxymethylarginine;N5-CH3-THF.N5-甲基四氢叶酸N5-methylene-tetrahydrofolate;N-5,10-CH2-THF.N-5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸N-5,10-CH2-THF;N10-CHO-THF.N10-甲酰基四氢叶酸N10-formyltetrahydrofolate;THF.四氢叶酸tetrahydrofolate;FALDH.甲醛脱氢酶formaldehyde dehydrogenase;FGH.S-甲酰基谷胱甘肽水解酶S-formylglutathione hydrolase;FDH.甲酸脱氢酶formate dehydrogenase。卡尔文循环途径calvin cycle:RuBP.核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate;PGA.3-磷酸甘油酯3-phosphoglycerate;BPGA.二磷酸甘油酸diphosphoglycerate;GAP.甘油醛-3磷酸酯glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate;DHAP.磷酸二羟基丙酮dihydroxyacetone phosphate;FBP.果糖-1,6-二磷酸fructose-1, 6-diphosphate;F6P.果糖-6-磷酸fructose-6-phosphate;E4P.赤藓糖4-磷酸盐erythrose 4-phosphate;SBP.庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate;S7P.庚酮糖-7-磷酸sedoheptulose -7-phosphate;R5P.核糖5-磷酸ribose 5-phosphate;Ru5P.核酮糖5-磷酸ribulose 5-phosphate;Xu5P.木酮糖-5-磷酸xylulose 5-phosphate;TPP-C2.焦磷酸硫胺素-羟基乙醛thiamine pyrophosphate-glycolaldehyde;Rubisco.核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶ribulose diphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase;PGAK.磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase;GAPD.甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase;TPI.磷酸丙糖异构酶Triose-phosphate isomerase;Aldolase.醛缩酶;FBPase.果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase;transketolase.转酮酶;SBPase.景天庚糖-1,7-二磷酸酶sedum heptose-1,7-bisphosphatase;RPI.磷酸戊糖异构酶phosphopentose isomerase;Ru5PK.核酮糖-5-磷酸激酶ribulose-5-phosphate kinase;RPE.核酮糖-5-磷酸差向异构酶ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase。乙醛酸循环途径glyoxylate cycle:EMP.糖酵解途径glycolytic pathway;GNG.糖异生gluconeogenesis;PA.丙酮酸pyruvate acid;GA.乙醛酸glyoxylic acid;PEP.磷酸烯醇丙酮酸phosphoenolpyruvic acid;OA.草酸盐oxalate;OAA.草酰乙酸oxaloacetic acid;Mal.苹果酸malate;PGP.磷酸乙醇酸磷酸酶phosphoglycolate phosphatase;GXS.乙醛酸合成酶glyoxylate synthase;GXO.乙醛酸氧化酶glyoxylate oxidase;GGT.乙醛酸谷氨酸转氨酶glyoxylate glutamic acid transaminase;MS.苹果酸合成酶malate synthase;PEPC.磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase;GOT.谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶glutamate oxalic acid transaminase;PDH.丙酮酸脱氢酶pyruvate dehydrogenase;KGA. 酮戊二酸ketoglu-taric acid;CH3CO-CoA. 乙酰辅酶A Acetyl-CoA。 C1代谢途径C1 metabolic pathway:Met.蛋氨酸methionine;SAM.S-腺苷甲硫氨酸S-adenosyl methionine;AdoHCY.腺苷同型半胱氨酸S-adenosyl homocysteine;R.底物substrate;CH3-R.甲基化底物methylated substrate;HCY.同型半胱氨酸homocysteine。其他others:Glu.葡萄糖glucose;Fru.果糖fructose;TCA cycle. 三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle。"

图1

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空气甲醛污染的植物修复机制

Phytoremediation mechanisms of air formaldehyde pollution

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