【目的】探究成都市鸟类群落结构及空间分布格局特征,分析不同生境和季节的鸟类组成差异,识别鸟类热点区域,为成都市及相似区域的鸟类多样性保护提供依据。【方法】2020年,采用样线法和样点法对成都市20个行政区开展不同季节的鸟类多样性调查,通过计算物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及群落相似性系数对成都市鸟类进行多样性分析,选取41种重点鸟类并按照生态习性将其分为猛禽、陆禽、游禽、涉禽4类,应用MaxEnt模型进行成都市重点鸟类潜在生境预测,识别成都市鸟类多样性热点区域。【结果】共调查到鸟类17目62科261种,包括国家一级重点保护鸟类1种,国家二级重点保护鸟类29种。其中留鸟99种,夏候鸟61种,冬候鸟60种,旅鸟41种。在不同季节间鸟类物种数和个体数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数皆表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。6种生境中,森林(200种)和湿地(169种)鸟类物种数较多,城镇用地和湿地的鸟类个体数和种群规模较大,森林生境中鸟类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数最高,城镇用地中鸟类均匀度指数最高。MaxEnt模型预测结果显示,猛禽分布受土地覆被类型、距湖泊距离、距森林距离影响较大,陆禽分布受距森林距离、海拔、居民点密度影响较大,游禽、涉禽等水鸟分布则受土地覆被类型、距湖泊距离等影响较大。成都市鸟类多样性热点区域主要分布在自然保护区、西部龙门山脉,西南部朝阳湖,东部龙泉山森林公园,南部三岔湖、兴隆湖、青龙湖湿地公园及岷江、沱江河流等区域。【结论】成都市丰富的鸟类多样性与其自然环境密切相关,其中森林面积较大、空间异质性高且食物来源丰富,是鸟类重要的栖息地;湿地面积虽占比较小(仅约占全市总面积的2%),但鸟类丰富度仅次于森林,在今后鸟类生物多样性保护中同样应重点关注。

【Objective】This study aims to explore the structural composition and spatial distribution patterns of bird communities in Chengdu, Sichuan, China, analyze the differences in bird diversity across various habitats and seasons, and identify bird hotspots to provide a basis for bird diversity protection in Chengdu and similar areas.【Method】In 2020, a survey of bird diversity was conducted across different seasons in 20 administrative districts of Chengdu using the line transect method and the sampling point methods. Species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson index, Pielou evenness index, and community similarity coefficient were calculated to analyze bird diversity in Chengdu. Additionally, 41 key bird species were selected and categorized into raptorial birds, terrestrial birds, natatorial birds, and wading birds based on their ecological habits. The MaxEnt model was used to predict the potential habitats of key birds and identify bird biodiversity hotspots in Chengdu.【Result】A total of 261 bird species across 17 Orders and 62 Families were identified, including one species under national first-class key protection and 29 species under national second-class key protection. Among these, there are 99 species of resident birds, 61 species of summer migratory birds, 60 species of winter migratory birds, and 41 species of transient birds. The number of bird species and individuals, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the Simpson index, and the Pielou evenness index were highest in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. Among the six habitats studied, forests (200 species) and wetlands (169 species) had the highest bird species counts. Urban land and wetlands had the highest number of individual birds and population sizes. Forest habitats exhibited the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson index, while urban land had the highest evenness index. The MaxEnt model predictions showed that the distribution of raptorial birds was significantly influenced by land cover type, distance from lakes, and distance from forests. Terrestrial birds distribution was largely affected by distance from forests, altitude, and settlement density. The distribution of waterbirds, including natatorial birds and wading birds, was heavily influenced by land cover type and distance from lakes. Chengdu’s bird diversity hotspots are primarily located in nature reserves, the Longmen Mountain Range, Chaoyang Lake, Longquan Mountain Forest Park, Sancha Lake, Xinglong Lake, Qinglonghu Wetland Park, and along the Minjiang and Tuojiang Rivers.【Conclusion】The rich bird diversity in Chengdu is closely linked to its natural environment, characterized by extensive forest areas, high spatial heterogeneity, and abundant food sources, making it a crucial habitat for birds. Although wetlands comprise only about 2% of the city’s land area, they rank second to forests in bird richness and should be a focal point in future bird biodiversity conservation efforts.