濒危植物贵州金花茶繁育系统及传粉生物学研究

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304042

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 153-162.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304042

濒危植物贵州金花茶繁育系统及传粉生物学研究

陈菊艳¹(), 李鹤¹, 郭卫珍², 徐超然¹, 邓伦秀¹^,^*()

1.贵州省林业科学研究院,西南喀斯特山地生物多样性保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室,贵州贵阳 550005
2.上海植物园,上海 200231

收稿日期:2023-04-30 接受日期:2023-09-11 出版日期:2025-05-30 发布日期:2025-05-27
通讯作者: *邓伦秀(449073775@qq.com),研究员。
作者简介:
陈菊艳(252835318@qq.com),高级工程师。
基金资助:
“百层次”人才黔科合平台人才[2020]6017号;贵州省科技支撑项目(黔科合支撑[2019]2252号);贵州省林业局科研项目(黔林科合〔2022〕13号);贵州省林科院院长基金项目(贵林科合[2024]09号);贵州省林业局科研项目(黔林科合J字【2022】07号)

The reproductive system and pollination biology of endangered Camellia huana

CHEN Juyan¹(), LI He¹, GUO Weizhen², XU Chaoran¹, DENG Lunxiu¹^,^*()

1. Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry,Guiyang 550005, China
2. Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai 200231, China

Received:2023-04-30 Accepted:2023-09-11 Online:2025-05-30 Published:2025-05-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】贵州金花茶(Camellia huana)为贵州特有珍稀濒危植物,目前仅分布于册亨县双江镇附近,其自然种群处于不断衰退中。对贵州金花茶的花部特征、繁育系统及传粉生物学进行研究,揭示该物种生活史特征,并探讨影响其生殖成功的因素,为制定相应的保护和利用措施提供科学依据。【方法】以野生种群和引种栽培种群为对象,通过野外观察贵州金花茶成年植株的开花生物学、花器官特征及繁育系统、花粉活力、柱头可授性、杂交指数及授粉方式等进行研究。【结果】①贵州金花茶10—11月开花,单株花期平均20.57 d,每株单日开花20朵,平均每株开花139.71朵,种群花期约2个月。②贵州金花茶属于两性花,1~3朵成腋生或顶生,花蕾发育比较慢,蕾期平均12.47 d,单花花期为4~7 d。③贵州金花茶花冠平均直径36.85 mm,花冠平均高度31.94 mm,野生种群的花柄长、花萼宽、花柱长明显大于引种种群植株,而花药宽略小于引种种群植株。④贵州金花茶花粉在雄蕊初露期就有活力,至盛花期活力最高,之后逐渐减弱,到枯萎凋谢前还具有活力,但活力较弱。开花当天柱头即具有可授性,开花第2~3天的柱头可授性最强,柱头可授性持续期为1~2 d。雌、雄蕊生殖活力在持续时间上有相遇期,但相遇时间较短。开花时柱头和花药几乎位于同一位置,且在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置始终不变。⑤繁育系统检测表明,贵州金花茶花粉-胚株比(P/O)为122.11,杂交指数(I_OC)为3。套袋实验表明,贵州金花茶具有风媒和虫媒两种传粉机制,用质量分数10%蔗糖溶液点滴柱头后,再进行人工异株授粉的结实率比自然授粉高1倍,传粉昆虫为石长黄胡蜂(Dilichovespula saxonica)、墨胸胡蜂(Vespa velutina)、中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana),不存在无融合生殖,自交亲和,有时需要传粉者。【结论】贵州金花茶10—11月开花,种群花期较长,单花花期为4~7 d,属于两性花,部分雄性先熟和雌雄同位,其繁育系统为自交亲和,有时需要传粉者,为风媒和虫媒混合传粉类型。

关键词: 贵州金花茶, 开花特性, 繁育系统, 传粉生物学

Abstract:

【Objective】Camellia huana is a rare and endangered plant endemic to Guizhou province. It is only distributed near Shuangjiang Town, Ceheng County, Guizhou Province, and its natural population is in continuous decline. The floral characteristics, breeding system and pollination biology of C. huana were studied to reveal the life history characteristics of this species and explore the factors affecting its reproductive success, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of corresponding protection and utilization.【Method】In this study, the flowering biology, flower organ characteristics and breeding system, pollen viability, stigma acceptability, cross index and pollination mode of adult plants of C. huana were observed in the wild population and introduced cultivation population.【Result】(1)C. huana bloomed from October to November and average flowering time per plant is 20.57 days.Each plant blossoms 20 flowers per day, and the average flowering time per plant was 139.71 flowers. The population flowering time was about 1-2 months.(2) It is a bisexual flower and 1-3 terminal or axillary flowers. The immature bud is relatively slow, the bud period is 12.47 days on average, and the single flowering period is 4-7 days.(3) The diameter and height of the corolla were 36.85 and 31.94 mm, respectively. The stalk length, calyx width and style length of the wild population were significantly longer than those of the introduced population, while the anther width was slightly smaller than that of the introduced population. (4) The pollen vitality begins at the early stamen showing stage,and they achieve their maximum vitality after the petals have unfolded, and then gradually weakened. Before withering, it still had vitality, but the vitality was weak.The stigma receptivity started from bloom and lasted for one to two days,and the pollen viability was high in the whole florescence.Male and female reproductive units in the duration of the encounter period,but the time is short. The stigma and anther are almost in the same position at the time of flowering,and the relative position of the stamen and style remained unchanged in the whole flowering process.(5)A study of the breeding system indicated that the pollen-ovule ratio was about 122.11,and the crossing index was three.The bagging experiments showed that C. huana was adapted to both wind and insect pollination,After dropping stigma with 10% (mass fraction) sucrose solution, the seed set rate of artificial cross-pollination was twice higher than that of natural pollination.The pollination insects were Dilichovespula saxonica, Vespa velutina and Apis cerana.In the breeding system of this species,out-crossing predominates, although partially self-compatible,it requires pollinators.【Conclusion】C. huana blooms in October to November, the population flowering period is relatively long, the single flower flowering period is 4-7 days, belongs to the bisexual flowers, some males premature and male and female, its breeding system is self-compatible, sometimes need pollinators, anemophilic and entomophilic mixed pollination type.

Key words: Camellia huana, flowering characteristics, breeding system, pollination biology

中图分类号:

S722.8+3

陈菊艳,李鹤,郭卫珍,等. 濒危植物贵州金花茶繁育系统及传粉生物学研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 49(3): 153-162.

CHEN Juyan, LI He, GUO Weizhen, XU Chaoran, DENG Lunxiu. The reproductive system and pollination biology of endangered Camellia huana[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 49(3): 153-162.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304042.

图/表 10

表1

表2

表3

贵州金花茶花器官性状"

花部特征 floral traits	测量指标 measurement index	野外群落 wild population	变异系数/% CV	引种群落 introduction population	变异系数/% CV	总平均值 general average	变异系数/% CV
花冠corolla	直径/mm diameter	37.21±0.28 Aa	6.58	36.49±0.18 Aa	5.32	36.85±0.22	5.95
	高度/mm height	31.23±0.33 Aa	7.19	31.65±0.27 Aa	6.81	31.94±0.30	7.00
花柄stalk	长度/mm length	4.76±0.14 Aa	9.56	3.86±0.25 Bb	20.29	4.31±0.17	18.01
	直径/mm diameter	1.95±0.04 Aa	7.27	1.69±0.14 Aa	26.12	1.82±0.08	18.99
	数量/枚amount	2.60±0.31 Aa	37.16	3.20±0.29 Aa	28.72	2.90±0.22	33.38
苞片bract	长/mm length	1.64±0.08 Aa	24.99	1.75±0.10 Aa	32.54	1.70±0.07	29.56
	宽/mm width	2.18±0.09 Aa	21.67	2.16±0.09 Aa	23.81	2.17±0.06	22.67
	数量/枚amount	5.10±0.10 Aa	6.20	5.00±0.00 Aa	0	5.05±0.05	4.43
花萼calyx	长/mm length	4.12±0.14 Aa	24.93	4.46±0.13 Aa	19.90	4.29±0.10	22.63
	宽/mm width	5.01±0.10 Aa	14.80	4.39±0.11 Bb	18.50	4.71±0.08	17.73
	数量/枚amount	7.05±0.10 Aa	3.80	6.80±0.13 Aa	6.20	6.90±0.07	4.46
花瓣petal	长/mm length	23.48±0.77 Aa	27.47	21.81±0.64 Aa	24.28	22.66±0.51	26.25
	宽/mm width	14.14±0.27 Aa	15.94	14.51±0.35 Aa	19.9	14.32±0.22	18.03
	数量/枚amount	125.60±4.01 Aa	10.10	139.10±5.13 Aa	11.67	132.35±3.53	11.92
花药anther	长/mm length	1.66±0.02 Aa	14.02	1.72±0.03 Aa	20.34	1.69±0.02	17.61
	宽/mm width	0.69±0.02 Aa	32.34	0.95±0.04 Bb	39.22	0.82±0.02	40.41
子房ovary	长/mm length	1.74±0.13 Aa	23.28	1.86±0.11 Aa	18.65	1.80±0.08	20.66
	宽/mm width	2.03±0.06 Aa	9.56	1.80±0.13 Aa	22.65	1.91±0.07	17.33
花柱style	长/mm length	20.34±0.26 Aa	6.80	19.10±0.48 Ab	13.80	19.71±0.28	11.10
	宽/mm width	0.32±0.01 Aa	23.22	0.31±0.02 Aa	26.66	0.31±0.01	24.80
	分离情况 separation condition	底部分离	0	底部分离	0	底部分离	0
	数量/枚amount	125.60±4.01 Aa	10.10	139.10±5.13 Aa	11.67	132.35±3.53	11.92
花丝capillament	长/mm length	16.84±0.25 Aa	14.79	16.48±0.22 Aa	13.14	16.66±0.17	14.02
	宽/mm width	0.61±0.03 Aa	32.19	0.67±0.03 Aa	28.20	0.64±0.02	30.20

表3

图1

图2

表4

图3

图4

表5

图5

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类群 type	始花期 (月-日) early flowering stage (month-day)	盛花期 (月-日) full flowering stage (month-day)	末花期 (月-日) late flowering stage (month-day)	持续时间/d duration day
野生种群 wild population	10-01	10-10— 10-20	10-25— 11-03	34
引种种群 introduced population	09-28— 10-17	10-18— 11-06	11-07— 11-20	54

编号 serial No.	地径/mm ground diameter	分株数/株 number of plantings	植株高/m plant height	冠幅/m×m crown breadth	单日开花最多数/朵 maximum number of flowers per day	花期/d flowering time	花朵总数/朵 total number of flowers
1	38.81	1	2.1	1.6×1.7	38	25.00	311.00
2	38.29	1	2.1	1.6×1.7	24	22.00	208.00
3	36.02	1	2.3	1.7×1.7	26	19.00	179.00
4	37.73	1	1.8	1.5×1.8	14	18.00	145.00
5	30.74	1	2.0	1.3×1.4	10	21.00	52.00
6	35.89	1	1.9	1.5×1.7	13	19.00	37.00
7	30.85	1	1.3	1.4×1.5	15	20.00	46.00
平均值mean	35.48	1	1.93	1.5×1.6	20	20.57	139.71

编号 No.	时期 period	开花天数/d flowering days	花粉活力/% pollen vitality	柱头可授性 stigma acceptability
Ⅰ	花蕾期	-1	0.53 Cd	+/-
Ⅱ	雄蕊初露期	1	54.95 Bc	+
Ⅲ	花瓣展开期	2	94.64 Aa	+++
Ⅳ	盛花期	3	96.17 Aa	++
Ⅴ	花瓣返转期	4	83.60 Ab	+/-
Ⅵ	萎蔫期	5	3.60 Cd	-
Ⅶ	凋谢期	6	0 dC	×

试验号 test code	处理 treatment	授粉花数/朵 number of pollinated flowers	结实数 fruity number	结实率/% setting rate
①	套袋,自花自交	30	3	10.00
②	自然结实	30	8	26.67
③	异花授粉,套袋	43	14	32.56
④	异花授粉,不套袋	37	14	37.84
⑤	去雄,异花授粉,套袋	49	18	36.73
⑥	去雄,异花授粉,不套袋	46	10	21.74
⑦	用10%蔗糖液点滴柱头后, 再异花授粉,套袋	35	17	48.57
⑧	用10%蔗糖液点滴柱头后, 再异花授粉,不套袋	41	25	60.98

濒危植物贵州金花茶繁育系统及传粉生物学研究

The reproductive system and pollination biology of endangered Camellia huana

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[3]	方炎明. 森林植被的显花、传粉与繁育系统[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2012, 36(06): 1-7.
[4]	王章荣;陈天华;黄寿先;刘富华. 金钱松开花特性的初步观察[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 1985, 9(02): 47-52.