南京市地下车库地表尘重金属源解析及风险评估

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202308049

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 203-211.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202308049

南京市地下车库地表尘重金属源解析及风险评估

蓝洋¹(), 李岩¹^,^*(), 董珍¹, 冯笛珂¹, 刘科², 贾振毅³, 范庆斌⁴, 李柠¹, 程新宇¹, 温佳乐¹, 黄浩然¹, 叶子¹, 虞叶¹

1.南方现代林业协同创新中心,南京林业大学林草学院、水土保持学院,江苏南京 210037
2.河南财经政法大学资源与环境学院,河南郑州 450016
3.浙江师范大学地理与环境科学学院, 浙江金华 321004
4.南阳师范学院地理科学与旅游学院,河南南阳 473061

收稿日期:2023-08-25 接受日期:2023-12-18 出版日期:2025-03-30 发布日期:2025-03-28
通讯作者: *李岩(lyle@njfu.edu.cn),副教授。
作者简介:
蓝洋(lany@njfu.edu.cn)。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42101079);国家自然科学基金项目(42106216);江苏省高等学校大学生创新创业训练计划(202110298006Z)

Analysis of heavy metal sources and risk assessment of surface dust in underground parking garages in Nanjing City

LAN Yang¹(), LI Yan¹^,^*(), DONG Zhen¹, FENG Dike¹, LIU Ke², JIA Zhenyi³, FAN Qingbin⁴, LI Ning¹, CHENG Xinyu¹, WEN Jiale¹, HUANG Haoran¹, YE Zi¹, YU Ye¹

1. Co-Innovation Center for Susainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, College of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou 450016, China
3. College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
4. College of Geographical Sciences and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China

Received:2023-08-25 Accepted:2023-12-18 Online:2025-03-30 Published:2025-03-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过对南京市地下车库中地表尘重金属的来源解析和生态风险及人体健康风险的评估,提高公众对地下车库风险危害的认知。【方法】采集了南京市不同区域内地下车库中地表尘作为样本进行重金属检测,通过绝对因子分析-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)受体模型进行源解析;生态风险方面运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法评估;运用人体健康风险评估模型进行人体健康风险评估。【结果】①南京市地下车库中地表尘重金属来源有4个因子,分别为燃料燃烧源、工业源、道路和工业降尘源、机动车排放源。②研究区Zn和Cu的平均地累积指数都达到了中至强度污染,潜在生态风险指数综合表现为较强风险。③对于人体健康来说,6种重金属的总非致癌风险对于儿童大于1,处于安全阈值之外;对于成人小于1,处于可控范围;而对于人体致癌风险来说,两种重金属元素Ni、Cr的值都大于相对安全标准的1×10^-4。【结论】南京市地下车库中地表尘重金属无论对于生态还是人体健康都有负面影响,需要采取防治措施。

关键词: 地下车库, 地表灰尘, 重金属, 源解析, 生态风险, 人体健康风险评估

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aims to raise public awareness about the risks associated with underground parking garages in Nanjing City by analyzing heavy metals in surface dust and evaluating both ecological and human health risks. 【Method】Surface dust samples were collected from underground parking garages in different regions of Nanjing for heavy metal analysis. Source apportionment analysis was performed using the absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model. Ecological risk was assessed using the geo-accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method. Human health risks were evaluated using the human health risk index. 【Result】(1) Four sources of heavy metals in surface dust were identified: fuel combustion, industrial emissions, road and industrial dust deposition, and vehicle exhaust emissions. (2) In the study area, average geo-accumulation index values for Zn and Cu indicated moderate to strong pollution, while the potential ecological risk index suggested a relatively high ecological risk. (3) For human health, cumulative non-carcinogenic risks for the six heavy metals exceeded the safe threshold for children (>1) but remained within a manageable range for adults (<1). Carcinogenic risks associated with Ni and Cr exceeded acceptable levels, with value standards (1×10^-4). 【Conclusion】The presence of heavy metals in surface dust from underground parking garages in Nanjing negatively impacts both the ecosystem and human health, underscoring the need for preventive and control measures.

Key words: underground garage, surface dust, heavy metals, source apportionment, ecological risk, human healthy risk assessment

中图分类号:

X513

蓝洋,李岩,董珍,等. 南京市地下车库地表尘重金属源解析及风险评估[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 49(2): 203-211.

LAN Yang, LI Yan, DONG Zhen, FENG Dike, LIU Ke, JIA Zhenyi, FAN Qingbin, LI Ning, CHENG Xinyu, WEN Jiale, HUANG Haoran, YE Zi, YU Ye. Analysis of heavy metal sources and risk assessment of surface dust in underground parking garages in Nanjing City[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 49(2): 203-211.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202308049.

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参数名称parameters name	变量variable	儿童children	成年人adult	文献source
暴露频率/(d·a^-1) exposure frequency	I_EF	365	365	[30]
暴露年限/a exposure duration	I_ED	6	24	[31]
受体体质量/kg body weight	I_BW	15.9	56.8	[31]
摄入速率/(mg·d^-1) ingestion rate	I_IngR	200	100	[31]
呼吸速率/(m³·d^-1) inhalation rate	I_InhR	7.5	14.5	[31]
平均暴露时间/d average exposure time	I_AT	暴露年限×365	暴露年限×365	[30]
颗粒物排放因子/(m³·kg^-1) particle emission factor	I_PEF	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹	[32]
皮肤暴露面积/cm² skin exposure area	I_SA	2 800	5 700	[32]
皮肤黏着度/(mg·cm^-2·d^-1) soil adhesion rate	I_SL	0.20	0.07	[32]
皮肤吸收因子absorption factor	I_ABS	0.001	0.001	[32]

元素 element	I_RfD/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)			I_SF
元素 element	经口摄入 A_ing	呼吸摄入 A_inh	皮肤摄入 A_derm	经口摄入 A_ing		呼吸摄入 A_inh		皮肤摄入 A_derm
Cr	3.00×10^-3	2.86×10^-5	6.00×10^-5	0.5	42.0		2.0
Ni	2.00×10^-2	2.06×10^-2	5.40×10^-3	1.70	0.84		42.50
Cu	4.00×10^-2	4.00×10^-2	1.20×10^-2	—	—		—
Zn	3.00×10^-1	3.00×10^-1	6.00×10^-2	—	—		—
Cd	1.00×10^-3	1.00×10^-3	1.00×10^-5	6.1	6.3		—
Pb	3.50×10^-3	3.52×10^-3	5.25×10^-4	—	—		8.50×10^-3

元素 element	平均值/ (mg·kg^-1) mean	最大值/ (mg·kg^-1) max	最小值/ (mg·kg^-1) min	变异系数/% CV	背景值/ (mg·kg^-1) background value
Cr	299.96	637.29	70.42	61.47	83.00
Ni	178.45	522.43	31.87	86.51	40.00
Cu	1 395.85	13 768.72	67.75	280.38	31.00
Zn	1 337.14	7 026.53	189.88	137.88	79.00
Cd	0.79	1.73	0.24	48.58	0.14
Pb	153.36	584.78	38.18	108.27	23.00

元素 element	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd
Ni	0.894^**
Cu	-0.228	-0.128
Zn	0.314	0.126	-0.154
Cd	0.684^*	0.587	-0.321	0.819^**
Pb	0.085	-0.146	-0.213	0.080	0.180

元素element	因子(贡献率/%)factor(contribution rate)
元素element	1	2	3	4
Cr	0.935(78.49)	0.242(12.39)	0.091(5.37)	-0.102(3.75)
Ni	0.976(85.91)	0.081(4.35)	-0.132(8.16)	-0.041(1.57)
Cu	-0.096(14.51)	-0.104(9.59)	-0.107(11.24)	0.984(64.67)
Zn	0.055(8.02)	0.992(87.62)	0.016(1.64)	-0.043(2.72)
Cd	0.527(44.54)	0.803(41.53)	0.125(7.39)	-0.178(6.54)
Pb	-0.029(3.54)	0.062(4.72)	0.992(86.07)	-0.105(5.67)
解释方差/% explained variance	35.310	28.493	17.279	17.085
累积解释总方差/% cumulative explained variance	35.310	63.803	81.082	98.167

南京市地下车库地表尘重金属源解析及风险评估

Analysis of heavy metal sources and risk assessment of surface dust in underground parking garages in Nanjing City

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