【目的】了解浙江玉环漩门湾湿地越冬期黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)的种群动态和栖息地特征,为黑脸琵鹭的保护和栖息地管理提供科学依据。【方法】在2015—2021年的6个越冬期,采用样线法和样点法对浙江玉环漩门湾湿地黑脸琵鹭种群进行调查统计,通过比较不同越冬期的数量和分布分析黑脸琵鹭的种群动态及影响因素,应用Pearson相关分析检验黑脸琵鹭越冬时长与气候因子的关系。在黑脸琵鹭栖息地设置样方,对样方内的12个生境因子进行调查,通过主成分分析确定影响其生境选择的主要因子。【结果】黑脸琵鹭一般每年10月中下旬到达漩门湾湿地,次年4月中下旬离开,越冬时长为(176.83±13.48)d。黑脸琵鹭的越冬天数仅与2月和3月的降水天数呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。2015—2017年黑脸琵鹭越冬个体数量为(77.00±3.00)只,2017—2020年越冬个体数量为(43.67±2.62)只,2020—2021年越冬个体数量为68只。黑脸琵鹭种群数量动态多数年份呈“钟”形,少数年份呈“M”形。整个漩门湾湿地共记录黑脸琵鹭分布点19处,其中湿地公园10处,三期建设区9处。黑脸琵鹭主要分布在湿地公园,三期建设区较少。主成分分析显示,植被盖度[(15.91±15.79)%]、裸露泥地面积占比[(66.36±28.45)%]、离大道最近距离[(1 166.46±627.89)m]、植被高度[(0.80±0.93)m]、离居民点最近距离[(1 616.18±490.08)m]是影响黑脸琵鹭生境选择的主要因子。【结论】浙江玉环漩门湾湿地是黑脸琵鹭的重要越冬地和迁徙停歇地。黑脸琵鹭在漩门湾湿地的越冬时长随着2、3月降水天数的增加而延长,其种群数量和分布受到栖息地改造和工程建设的干扰而有所波动。黑脸琵鹭偏好植被分布稀疏、有较大裸露泥地面积以及人为干扰和噪音小的环境栖息。避开越冬期施工、减少人为干扰、保留原始滩地和养殖塘、控制水位等,有助于对黑脸琵鹭的保护。

【Objective】This study aims to investigate the population dynamics and habitat characteristics of the endangered black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor) during the wintering periods in Yuhuan Xuanmen Bay Wetland of Zhejiang Province, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the protection of this species and habitat management.【Method】During six consecutive wintering periods from 2015 to 2021, the population dynamics and influencing factors of P. minor were analyzed by comparing the individual numbers and distribution patterns of different wintering periods using the line transect and point count methods. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationship between the wintering duration and climate factors. 12 habitat factors were investigated using the quadrat method, and the main factors affecting habitat selection were determined through principal component analysis.【Result】The P. minor usually arrives at the Xuanmen Bay Wetland in mid to late October and leaves in mid to late April. The wintering duration is (176.83±3.48) days, and it is only significantly positive correlation with the rain days in February and March (P<0.05). The individual numbers of wintering P. minor are (77.00±3.00) individuals from 2015 to 2017, (43.67±2.62) individuals from 2017 to 2020, and 68 from 2020 to 2021. The population dynamics of P. minor follows a “bell-shaped” pattern in most years, with some years showing an “M-shaped” pattern. A total of 19 distribution points of P. minor are recorded in the Xuanmen Bay Wetland, including 10 points in the wetland park and 9 points in the phase Ⅲ construction area. The P. minor is mainly distributed in the wetland park, with fewer in the phase Ⅲ construction area. Principal component analysis shows that vegetation coverage [(15.91±15.79)%], bare mud proportion [(66.36±28.45)%], closest distance to road [(1 166.46±627.89) m], vegetation height [(0.80±0.93) m], and closest distance to residential location [(1 616.18±490.08) m] are the main factors affecting habitat selection for the P. minor.【Conclusion】The Xuanmen Bay Wetland in Yuhuan, Zhejiang, is an important wintering ground and stopover for the P. minor. The wintering duration of this species extends with the increase of rain days in February and March. The population dynamics of this species is fluctuated by habitat modification and engineering construction. The P. minor prefers to inhabit the environment with sparse vegetation distribution, large bare mud area, and low human interference and noise. Reducing human interference, avoiding construction during the wintering periods, preserving the shallows and aquaculture ponds, and controlling water levels may help to protect this species.