【目的】研究贵州普通油茶(Camellia oleifera)优良单株果实各性状的变异规律,筛选高产量和高产油率的普通油茶优良植株,为贵州普通油茶良种选育提供理论支撑和物质基础。【方法】以20株贵州普通油茶优良单株为研究对象,测定其单果质量、单果籽粒质量、种仁含油率以及各种脂肪酸含量等。对各优树的果实经济性状和脂肪酸含量进行变异分析及相关性分析,并结合主成分分析法和隶属函数法对其进行综合评价与选择。【结果】参试普通油茶各优树果实性状之间变异程度显著不同,其中8个果实经济性状的变异系数为7.07%~54.74%,平均变异系数为29.55%。单果籽粒质量的变异系数最大,为54.74%,鲜出籽率的变异系数最小,为7.07%。9种脂肪酸含量的变异系数为0.68%~40.05%,平均变异系数为14.71%;α-亚麻酸含量的变异系数最大,为40.05%,不饱和脂肪酸含量的变异系数最小,为0.68%。在相关性分析中,33对性状之间的相关性达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其中极显著正相关18对,极显著负相关15对,此外还有22对性状的相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05)。因此在育种时,可以结合各性状间的相关性及选育目标进行综合选择。主成分分析表明前3个主成分累计贡献率达90.462%,其中第1主成分反映原始数据信息量的49.460%,干出籽率、种仁含油率、鲜果含油率、单株产油量、油酸、亚油酸等对第1主成分贡献较大;对第2主成分贡献较大的是棕榈酸、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸含量,其贡献率为 26.331%;对第3主成分贡献较大的是单果质量、单株产量,其贡献率为14.671%。【结论】通过主成分分析和隶属函数法的综合评价,得到6株排名靠前的优良单株,分别是 JPOLYX3、JPOLYX8、JPYX17、JPOLYX11、JPOLYX1和JPOLYX10,可以作为普通油茶无性系扩繁材料,进行区域实验后评审。

【Objective】This study investigates the variation patterns of various traits in the fruits of superior individual plants of Camellia oleifera in Guizhou. The objective is to identify superior C. oleifera plants characterized by high yield and elevated oil yield. This research aims to provide theoretical support and a material foundation for the breeding of improved varieties of C. oleifera in Guizhou.【Method】This study focuses on 20 superior individual plants of C. oleifera from Guizhou as the research subjects. We measured the weight of single fruits, the weight of individual fruit kernel, the oil content of seed kernels, and the contents of various fatty acids. Subsequently, we performed variation analysis and correlation analysis on the economic traits of the fruits and the fatty acid content of each superior plant. A comprehensive evaluation and selection were conducted by integrating principal component analysis with the membership function method.【Result】The variation in fruit traits among various excellent strains was significantly different. The coefficients of variation for eight economic fruit traits ranged from 7.07% to 54.74%, with an average coefficient of variation of 29.55%. Notably, the coefficient of variation for the single fruit kernel weight was the highest at 54.74%, while the coefficient for the rate of fresh seed was the lowest at 7.07%. For the contents of nine fatty acids, the coefficients of variation ranged from 0.68% to 40.05%, with an average coefficient of variation of 14.71%. Here, the coefficient of variation for α-linolenic acid was the highest at 40.05%, whereas the coefficient for unsaturated fatty acids was the lowest at 0.68%. In the correlation analysis, the correlations between 33 pairs of traits reached an extremely significant level (P < 0.01), comprising 18 pairs with extremely significant positive correlations and 15 pairs with extremely significant negative correlations. Additionally, the correlations between 22 pairs of traits reached a significant level (P < 0.05). Therefore, in breeding, comprehensive selection can be implemented by integrating the correlations among various traits with specific breeding goals. Principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 90.462%. Notably, the first principal component accounted for 49.460% of the information in the original data, with significant contributions from the rates of dry seeds, oil content in kernels, oil content in fresh fruits, oil yield per plant, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Palmitic acid, saturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids collectively contributed significantly to the second principal component, accounting for a contribution rate of 26.331%. Meanwhile, the weight of single fruit and yield per plant were major contributors to the third principal component, with a contribution rate of 14.671%.【Conclusion】Through a comprehensive evaluation of principal components and the membership function method, six outstanding individual plants with high rankings were identified: JPOLYX3, JPOLYX8, JPYX17, JPOLYX11, JPOLYX1, and JPOLYX10. These plants can serve as materials for clonal propagation and will undergo further evaluation following regional experiments.