【目的】研究湖北神农架林区华山松(Pinus armandi)群落在受大小蠹(Dendroctonus armandi)虫害侵扰不同时期的群落结构和特征变化,为华山松群落虫害防治和森林经营提供合理策略,也为区域生物多样性保护提供科学依据。【方法】在神农架林区运用固定样地法分别于虫害侵扰早期(2015年)和虫害侵扰后期(2022年)开展土壤环境和植物群落学调查,并进行土壤环境、群落物种组成、物种重要值和生物多样性变化分析。【结果】与虫害侵扰早期相比,后期林地土壤环境变化较大:有机质含量、全氮和全磷含量均显著上升,分别升高159.86%、96.18%和54.39%;土壤温湿度、枯落物厚度、pH和全钾含量变化不显著。群落物种组成类型和数量均增多:早期样地有维管植物63科101属116种,后期样地有维管植物74科145属189种。其中,乔木层种类增加20种,占比上升;灌木层种类增加9种,但占比下降;草本层种类增加55种,占比上升。各层重要值变化各不相同:两个时期乔木层最大优势种均为华山松,但重要值从42.52%下降至24.41%;灌木层重要值靠前的物种变化较大;草本层重要值前3名物种,分别为中日金星蕨(Parathelypteris nipponica)、求米草(Oplismenus undulatifolius)和六叶葎(Galium hoffmeisteri)但前后期无变化。各层生物多样性变化也不尽相同:乔木层和草本层物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均显著增加,Pielou指数变化不显著;灌木层Pielou指数和Simpson指数显著增加,物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数变化不显著。【结论】多年虫害侵扰虽然导致华山松种群衰退,但侵扰后期群落组成和结构却变得更为复杂,生物多样性更加丰富,尤其是乔木层和草本层。建议在对华山松虫害治理过程中,注重以自然恢复为主,对环境适应性较好的乔灌草物种予以重点保护,并对更新层进行抚育,同时选择重要值较高物种如灯台树(Cornus controversa)、鹅耳枥(Carpinus turczaninovii)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)进行林窗补植,提升生物多样性,促进群落趋于稳定。

【Objective】This study investigated changes in the community structure and characteristics of Pinus armandi communities at different stages of pest infestation by Dendroctonus armandi in Shennongjia. The aim was to provide strategies for pest control and forest management of P. armandi community, and to establish a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation.【Method】Fixed-plot surveys were conducted in Shennongjia Forest District in 2015 (earlier pestr infestation stage) and 2022 (later pest infestation stage).We investigated the soil environment and plant community, and analyzed changes in soil properties, species composition, importance values, and biodiversity indices.【Result】Compared to the earlier pest infestation stage, the soil environment changed significantly in the late stage of pest infestation: the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus increased significantly by 159.86%, 96.18% and 54.39%, respectively. However, soil temperature and humidity, litter thickness, pH, and total potassium exhibited no significant changes. Both species composition and richness increased in the community. Vascular plant diversity expanded from 116 species (63 families, 101 genera) to 189 species (74 families, 145 genera). Specifically, the arbor layer increased by 20 species, the shrub layer added 9 species, and the herb layer increased by 55 species. Changes in importance values varied among layers. P. armandi remained the dominant arbor species, but its importance value declined from 42.52% to 24.41%.The species with the highest importance values in the shrub layer changed significantly, whereas the herb layer retained its top three species: Parathelypteris nipponica, Oplismenus undulatifolius and Galium hoffmeisteri. Biodiversity changes also differed among layers. In the arbor and herb layers,species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson index increased significant, while the Pielou index showed no marked change. In the shrub layer, Pielou and Simpson indices increased significantly, while richness and Shannon-Wiener index remained stable.【Conclusion】Despite the decline in the P. armandi population due to years of pest infestation, the composition and structure became more complex and biodiversity increased, particularly in arbor and herb layers. In managing P. armandi-infested forests, natural restoration should be prioritized. Species across all layers that exhibit strong environmental adaptability should be protected, and the regeneration layer should be fostered. In addition, strategic gap planting utilizing high-importance-value species—such as Cornus controversa, Carpinus turczaninovii, and Juglans mandshurica—are recommended to enhance biodiversity and promote community stabilization.