【目的】盐城滨海湿地是东亚—澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线的关键节点,基于鸟类环志数据,系统分析2018—2019年及 2021—2023年秋季迁徙期小型雀形目鸟类在盐城滨海湿地的体征动态变化趋势及种间差异,揭示其迁徙时序与生理状态的关联机制和在中途停歇地的选择策略,为小型候鸟迁徙生态学研究提供新的理论依据。【方法】以区域典型优势种柳莺科鸟类——极北柳莺(Phylloscopus borealis)、淡脚柳莺(P. tenellipes)和黄眉柳莺(P. inornatus)为对象,通过环志网场在沿海堤林带每隔300 m布设4个网场8张雾网,记录捕获鸟类体长、体质量等,使用广义线性模型分析首到日、高峰日、离开日与柳莺体质量的关系。【结果】5 年监测期共环志小型雀形目 796 只个体,物种间平均体质量存在极显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis 检验:χ²=248.145,df=2,P<0.01);基于时间序列的动态分析可知,3 种鸟类个体质量均呈下降趋势,其中黄眉柳莺与淡脚柳莺的下降趋势达极显著水平[广义线性模型(GLM):黄眉柳莺R²=0.2,P<0.01;淡脚柳莺R²=0.1,P<0.01];3 种鸟类体质量与种群首到日(50% 个体到达日)、高峰日(75% 个体到达日)及离开日(90% 个体到达日)呈显著负相关。具体表现为体质量越大的个体,其种群首到日(广义线性模型:R²=0.85,P<0.01)、高峰日(R²=0.81,P<0.01)和离开日(R²=0.71,P<0.01)均显著滞后。【结论】体质量作为鸟类能量储备的直观指标,显著影响其迁徙时序,盐城滨海湿地海堤林3 种柳莺体质量的种间差异显著,体现其不同的能量储备策略与生态适应特征,为理解候鸟迁徙策略的生态适应提供新的科学参考。

【Objective】The regulatory mechanism of physical condition on avian migration is one of the research hotspots in current zoology. As a key node of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), the Yancheng Coastal Wetland not only serves as an important migration corridor and stopover site for waterbirds, but also witnesses the passage of a large number of small passerine birds during the spring and autumn migration seasons every year. Based on bird ringing data, this study systematically analyzes the dynamic trends of physical conditions and interspecific differences of small passerine birds during the autumn migration period in Yancheng Wetland from 2018 to 2019 and 2021 to 2023, and further explores the causes of these differences.【Method】Taking three typical dominant warbler species in the region—arctic warbler (Phylloscopus borealis), pale-legged leaf warbler (P. tenellipes), and yellow-browed seawall warbler (P. inornatus)—as research objects, four netting sites with eight mist nets each were set up every 300 m in the coastal forest belt through the ringing network. The body length, body mass, and other parameters of the captured birds were recorded, and a generalized linear model (GLM) was used to analyze the relationship between the first arrival date, peak date, departure date, and the body mass of the warblers.【Result】A total of 796 individuals are ringed during the 5-year monitoring period, and there are extremely significant differences in average body mass among species (Kruskal-Wallis test: χ²=248.145, df=2, P<0.01). Based on time-series dynamic analysis, the body mass of the three bird species all shows a decreasing trend, among which the decreasing trends of P. inornatus and P. tenellipes are extremely significant (GLM: R²(P. inornatus)= 0.2, P < 0.01; R²(P. tenellipes)= 0.1, P < 0.01). The body mass of the three warbler species is significantly negatively correlated with the first arrival date (date when 50% of the population arrives), peak date (date when 75% of the population arrives), and departure date (date when 90% of the population arrives) of the population. Specifically, individuals with larger body mass have significantly delayed population first arrival date (GLM: R²= 0.85, P < 0.01), peak date (R²= 0.81, P < 0.01), and departure date (R²= 0.71, P < 0.01).【Conclusion】As an intuitive indicator of avian energy reserves, body mass significantly affects their migration timing. The significant interspecific differences in body mass among the three warbler species reflect their different energy reserve strategies and ecological adaptation characteristics. The research results provide new scientific evidence for understanding the ecological adaptation of migratory bird migration strategies.