近年来,我国频繁发生的雾霾事件引起了人们对城市空气污染的广泛关注,大气颗粒物中含有的重金属与人类呼吸系统疾病发病率以及呼吸系统的损伤具有一定的相关性。笔者对泰州市区大气颗粒物PM2.5(颗粒物直径小于2.5 μm)和PM10(颗粒物直径小于10 μm)、道路灰尘、活藓和藓袋中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn的含量与污染特征进行了分析。结果表明,粒径最小的PM2.5中重金属浓度最高,可以作为空气重金属污染分析的最佳监测对象; 活藓法测得的数据与PM10和道路灰尘测定值相接近,具有一定可靠性。污染指数分析结果表明,现阶段泰州市区Cd、Cu、Zn污染较严重,分别达到了土壤背景值的18.86、3.54和3.15倍,其他重金属污染不严重。
Abstract
In recent years, the large-scale fog and haze events occurred frequently in China, which had attracted people’s wide attention to urban air pollution. Related studies had showed that heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matter were closely related to human respiratory disease incidence, as well as to the damage of respiratory system. Contents and pollution indexes of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in the atmospheric particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10, road dusts, live-mosses and moss-bags were analysed in Taizhou city of Jiangsu province, China. The results indicated that PM2.5, with the smallest particle size, had the highest concentration of heavy metals and could be chosen as an optimal monitoring object to analyze atmospheric heavy metals. The data by live-moss analysis were reliable and close to the value of PM10 and road dusts, which might be the principal reason why they were selected as biological indicators of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Europe. The pollution index analysis indicated that urban atmosphere was seriously polluted by Cd, Cu and Zn, whose concentration values were 18.86, 3.54 and 3.15 times higher than the soil background values, respectively. While pollution level of other metals was relatively slight.
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 陈仁杰, 陈秉衡, 阚海东. 我国113个城市大气颗粒物污染的健康经济学评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2010,30(3): 410-415.Chen R J, Chen B H, Kan H D. A health-based economic assessment of particulate air pollution in 113 Chinese cities[J]. China Environmental Science, 2010, 30(3): 410-415.
[2] Mohanraj R, Azeez P A, Priscilla T. Heavy metals in airborne particulate matter of urban Coimbatore[J]. Archires of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2004, 47(2): 162-167.
[3] Al-khashman O A. Heavy metal distribution in dust, street dust and soils from the work place in Karak industrial estate, Jordan[J]. Atmopheric Environment, 2004, 38:6803-6812.
[4] Poikolainen J, Kubin E, Piispanen J, et al. Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Finland during 1985—2000 using mosses as bioindicators[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2004, 318(1-3): 171-185.
[5] Harmens H, Norris D A, Steinnes E, et al. Mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metal deposition: Spatial patterns and temporal trends in Europe[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2010, 158(10): 3144-3156
[6] Cameron A J, Nickless G. Use of mosses as collectors of airborne heavy metals near a smelting complex[J]. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1977, 7(1):117-125.
[7] 曹同, 王敏, 娄玉霞, 等. 监测环境污染的藓袋法技术及其应用[J]. 上海师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2011, 40(2): 213-220.Cao T, Wang M, Lou Y X, et al. Technique of moss-bag method for monitoring environmental pollution and its application[J]. Journal of Shanghai Normal University: Natural Sciences, 2011, 40(2): 213-220.
[8] Sun S Q, Wang D Y, He M. Monitoring of atmospheric metal deposition in Chongqing, China—based on moss bag technique [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009, 148(1-4): 1-9.
[9] 王爱霞. 南京市空气重金属污染的藓类和树木监测[D]. 南京: 南京林业大学, 2010.Wang A X. Mosses and trees as indicators for heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere of Nanjing city, China[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Forestry University, 2010.
[10] 唐荣莉, 马克明, 张育新, 等. 北京城市道路灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学学报, 2012, 32(8): 2006-2015.Tang R L, Ma K M, Zhang Y X, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals of street dust in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2012, 32(8): 2006-2015.
[11] Harrison R M, Tilling R, Romero M S C, et al. A study of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the roadside environment[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(17): 2391-2402.
[12] 常静, 刘敏, 侯立军, 等. 城市地表灰尘的概念、污染特征与环境效应[J]. 应用生态学报, 2007, 18(5): 1153-1158.Chang J, Liu M, Hou L J, et al. Concept pollution character and environmental effect of urban surface dust[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(5):1153-1158.
[13] Meza-Figueroa D, O-villanneva M D L, Parra M L Dl. Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora,Mexico[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(2): 276-288.
[14] Cao T, An L, Wang M, et al. Spatial and temporal changes of heavy metal concentrations in mosses and its indication to the environments in the past 40 years in the city of Shanghai, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(21): 5390-5402.
[15] 聂发辉. 关于超富集植物的新理解[J]. 生态环境, 2005, 14(1): 136-138.Nie F H. New comprehensions of hyperaccumulator[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2005, 14(1): 136-138.
[16] 中国环境监测总站. 中国土壤元素背景值[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1990.
[17] 国家环境保护总局. GB 15618—1995. 土壤环境质量标准[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 1995.
[18] 戴斯迪, 马克明, 宝乐. 北京城区行道树国槐叶面尘分布及重金属污染特征[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(16): 5095-5102.Dai S D, Ma K M, Bao L. Distribution and heavy metal character of foliar dust on roadside tree Sophora japonica of urban area in Beijing [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(16): 5095-5102.
[19] 木拉提, 王佳佳, 丽娜, 等.沙尘天气期间大气PM2.5和PM10中部分元素浓度的变化特征[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2010, 27(9): 755-758. Mu L T, Wang J J, Li N, et al. Feature analysis of metal components of PM2.5 and PM10 during sand dust weather[J]. Journal of Environ Health, 2010, 27(9): 755-758.
[20] Sanchez de la Campa A M, de la Rosa J D, Gonzalez-Castanedo Y, et al. High concentrations of heavy metals in PM from ceramic factories of Southern Spain[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2010, 96(4): 633-644.
[21] 陈勤, 孙冲, 方炎明. 苔藓植物的生态环境指示作用[J]. 世界林业研究, 2013, 26(2): 19-23.Chen Q, Sun C, Fang Y M. Review on Bio-monitoring of bryophyte to environment changes[J]. World Forestry Research, 2013, 26(2): 19-23.
[22] 向丽,李迎霞,史江红,等.北京城区道路灰尘重金属和多环芳烃污染状况探析[J]. 环境科学,2010,31(1):159-167.Xiang L, Li Y X, Shi J H, et al. Investigation of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in street dusts in urban Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2010, 31(1):159-167.
基金
收稿日期:2013-08-05 修回日期:2014-02-15
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31370666,30070155); 江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD); 江苏高校协同创新计划
第一作者:陈勤,硕士生。*通信作者:方炎明,教授。E-mail: jwu4@njfu.com.cn。
引文格式:陈勤,沈羽,方炎明,等. 泰州市区空气重金属污染的多重监测研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2014,38(3):139-143.
PDF(1355399 KB)
