【目的】麻疯树为中国西南地区重要生物柴油树种,了解其花部特征对主要传粉昆虫的访花行为与访花频率可能产生的影响,有助于麻疯树的进一步繁殖成功。【方法】对麻疯树雌、雄花的形态特征进行测量,对花粉与柱头的微观特征进行扫描电镜观察,并对其花部构成、花冠尺寸及花部颜色对蝇类与蜜蜂类访花频率的影响进行观测。【结果】麻疯树雄花的花冠直径显著小于雌花,雄蕊的直径显著大于雌蕊,可能会影响传粉者对雌、雄花的偏好。雄、雌花的花蕊和花冠的相近,利于花粉的携带、转移与落置。麻疯树花粉粒表面具有瘤状突起,含水丰富,直径大; 雌花柱头有孔状凹陷,能分泌少量黏液,利于花粉在柱头上的粘附与萌发。去除花蕊与花瓣均会显著降低蝇类与蜜蜂对麻疯树花的访问频率,去除花萼对传粉者访问频率无影响。随着花冠尺寸变小,蝇类与蜜蜂对麻疯树花的访问频率均显著降低。花部颜色的改变显著降低蜜蜂类的访花频率,但对蝇类的访花频率无明显影响。【结论】麻疯树雌、雄花的花部形态特征有显著差别。蜜蜂类与蝇类传粉者对麻疯树的花部组成、花冠大小与花部颜色的视觉识别方式有显著不同。
Abstract
【Objective】Jatropha curcas L. is an important biodiesel tree in Southwestern China. The floral characteristics of J. curcas might have different effect on the behavior and visiting frequency of its pollinators which make contribution to its reproductive success.【Method】This paper studied the floral syndromes of both female and male flower of J. curcas, and tested the effect of floral constituents, petal size and stamen color on visiting frequency of honey bees and flies to the flower of J. curcas. 【Result】The corolla diameter of male was significantly smaller than that of female flower, while the diameter of stamen was significantly larger than that of pistil of J. curcas. This might influence the preference of pollinators to male and female flower. There was no significant difference between height of stamen and that of pistil, which will help pollinators to transfer pollen grains from pistil to stigma easily. There were strumaes on the surface of pollen grain, and small hollows on the surface of stigma, which can emit a little mucus. These microtraits will help pollen grain adhere onto stigma easily. Both the removing of stamen and petal could significantly reduce the visit frequency of bees and flies to the flower of J. curcas. The removing of calyx did not change the floral attractiveness of J. curcas to both bees and flies. The reduction of petal size also could significantly reduce the visit frequency of bees and flies. Color change of stamen did not affect the visiting frequency of flies, but significantly reduced that of honey bees. 【Conclusion】There is significant difference between floral characteristics of male and female flowers of J. curcas. Honey bees and flies show significant difference in identifying the floral constitute, petal size and floral color of J. curcas.
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] KULBABA M W, WORLEY A C. Selection on floral design in Polemonium brandegeei(Polemoniaceae): female and male fitness under hawkmoth pollination[J]. Evolution, 2012, 66(5):1344-1359. DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01536. x.
[2] 刘乐乐,杨晓,高天鹏, 等. 毛茛状金莲花花部结构的吸引功能[J].草业学报,2013,22(3): 190-195. DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20130325. LIU L L, YANG X, GAO T P, et al. A study on the attractive function of different floral structures in Trollius ranunculoides(Ranunculaceae)[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(3): 190-195.
[3] GEGEAR R J,LAVERTY T M. Flower constancy in bumble bees: a test of the trait variability hypothesis[J]. Animal Behaviour, 2005, 69(4): 939-949. DOI:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.06.029.
[4] ISHII H S, HARDER L D. The size of individual Delphinium owers and the opportunity for geitonogamous pollination[J]. Functional Ecology, 2006,20(6): 1115-1123. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01181.x.
[5] 罗长维,李昆,陈晓鸣,等.干热河谷麻疯树访花昆虫及主要传粉昆虫[J]. 昆虫知识,2008, 45(1): 121-127. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0452-8255.2008.01.027. LUO C W, LI K, CHEN X M, et al. Foraging and main pollinators of Jatropha curcas in dry-hot valley[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 2008, 45(1): 121-127.
[6] 罗长维,李昆,陈友,等. 膏桐花粉活力,柱头可授性及生殖特性研究[J]. 西北植物学报,2007,27(10): 1994-2001. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-4025.2007.10.011. LUO C W, LI K, CHEN Y, et al. Pollen viability, stigma receptivity and reproductive features of Jatropha curcas L.(Euphorbiaceae)[J]. Acta Bot Boreal Occident Sin, 2007, 27(10): 1994-2001.
[7] 卢静惠,吴军,肖科,等. 麻疯树花的形态结构与传粉关系研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),2008, 45(6): 1485-1488. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0490-6756.2008.06.044. LU J H, WU J, XIAO K, et al. Studies on the relation between the structures of flowers and pollination in Jatropha curcas L[J]. Journal of Sichuan University(Natural Science Edition), 2008, 45(6): 1485-1488.
[8] 方志荣,王胜华,陈放,等. 响应面法优化麻疯树花粉离体萌发培养基的研究[J]. 广西植物,2016,36(4):479-485. DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw201409029. FANG Z R, WANG S H, CHEN F, et al. Optimal medium for pollen germination of Jatropha curcas in vitro using response surface methodology[J]. Guihaia, 2016,36(4):479-485.
[9] RAJU A J S, EZRADANAM V. Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in a monoecious species, Jatropha curcas L.(Euphorbiaceae)[J]. Current Science, 2002, 83(11): 1395-1398.
[10] ABDELGADIR H A, JOHNSON S D, Van STADEN J. Pollinator effectiveness, breeding system, and tests for inbreeding depression in the biofuel seed crop, Jatropha curcas[J]. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2009,84(3): 319-324. DOI:10.1080/14620316.2009.11512524.
[11] RIANTI P, SURYOBROTO B, ATMOWIDI T. Diversity and effectiveness of insect pollinators of Jatropha curcas L.(Euphorbiaceae)[J]. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 2010, 17(1):38-42. DOI:10.4308/hjb.17.1.38.
[12] HUANG S Q, TANG L L, SUN J F, et al. Pollinator response to female and male floral display in a monoecious species and its implications for the evolution of floral dimorphism[J].New Phytologist, 2006,171(2): 417-424. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01766.x
[13] 韦仲新.种子植物花粉电镜图志[M].昆明: 云南科技出版社, 2003:121.
[14] 姚志敏, 刘艳华, 戴培刚, 等. 野生烟草花粉活力与柱头可授性及繁育特性研究[J]. 西北植物学报, 2015, 35(3): 0614-0621. DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2015.03.0614. YAO Z M, LIU Y H, DAI P G, et al. Wild tobacco pollen viability, stigma receptivity and reproductive characteristics[J]. Acta Bot Boreal Occident Sin, 2015, 35(3): 0614-0621.
[15] 杨清, 彭代平, 段柱标, 等. 小桐子传粉生物学研究[J]. 华南农业大学学报,2007,28(3): 62-66. YANG Q, PENG D P, DUAN Z B, et al. Study on pollination biology of Jatropha curcas(Euphorbiaceae)[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University,2007, 28(3): 62-66.
[16] SUN J F, GONG Y B, RENNER S S, et al. Multifunctional bracts in the dove tree Davidia involucrata(Nyssaceae: Cornales): rain protection and pollinator attraction[J]. The American Naturalist, 2008,171(1): 119-124. DOI:10.1086/52395.
[17] DYER A G, WHITNEY H M, ARNOLD S E, et al. Behavioural ecology: bees associate warmth with floral colour[J]. Nature, 2006, 442(7102): 525. DOI:10.1038/442525a.
基金
基金项目:重庆市科委科学与应用基础项目(CSTC2015jcyjA1249); 国家林业局“948”项目(2009-4-04)
第一作者:罗长维(luocw4540@126.com),副教授,博士。
PDF(1848 KB)
