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林业生物柴油可持续发展研究进展
Review on sustainable development of forest⁃based biodiesel
林业生物柴油作为可替代柴油的生物质能源之一，已在中国、印度、马来西亚、印度尼西亚与泰国等国家得到快速发展，其发展是否可持续值得重点关注。在概述主要国家林业生物柴油发展现状的基础上，基于2010年以来的国内外相关研究，分别从经济、环境、社会3个方面分析了当前林业生物柴油发展的可持续性，探讨了影响其可持续发展的关键因素。结果表明：当前林业生物柴油发展的可持续性较弱，绝大多数生产项目经济效益为负值；温室气体（GHG）减排效益明显，与石化柴油相比可减少49% ~ 85%，但SO2、NOx等污染物的排放明显高于石化柴油，环境综合影响仍然较大；社会效益尚不明显；原料供应系统决定了当前林业生物柴油发展的经济和环境可持续性。因此，攻克良种选育、高效栽培关键技术体系、高值化副产品开发等关键技术问题，建立多联产产业发展模式是实现林业生物柴油可持续发展的重要途径。此外，提高全生命周期评价（LCA）清单数据质量和建立综合评价指标体系可保证可持续性评价结果的准确性。
As an essential part of forestry biomass energy, forest-based biodiesel has been developed rapidly in developing countries, such as China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand, etc. We have assessed the economical, environmental and social sustainability pertaining to the two most representative forest-based biodiesels, i.e., palm oil biodiesel and jatropha oil biodiesel. The assessment is based on 50 studies from 2010. Based on the work, we present that the overall sustainability of forest-based biodiesel is weak. It can be explained as follows: ① most of the forest-based biodiesel is economically infeasible, which is closely related to low yield, high cost, high price of feedstock, global change in the price of crude oil and low fiscal subsidies. ② The environmental performances vary across locations and cultivation systems. Most studies indicate significant reduction of 49%-85% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to the use of fossil diesel; however, transforming high-carbon reserve lands such as rainforests into palm or jatropha plantations will cause huge GHG emissions.Furthermore, the use of these two kinds of biodiesel leads to more SO2 and NOx emissions than fossil diesel. The key factors for environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) are land-use change, yield, co-products utilization, and fertilization. ③ Energy is mainly consumed during farm and mill stages for forest-based biodiesel. Compared with fossil diesel, over 70% of non-renewable energy consumed can be saved. ④ The social benefit of forest-based biodiesel is not obvious. Social well-being and good working conditions are the factors which have been widely concerned. At present, very few studies quantify social impact of forest-based biodiesel comprehensively. Therefore, the feedstock supply system is a determinate factor for economic and environmental sustainability of forest-based biodiesel. The critical path to promote sustainability of forest-based biodiesel is to solve several key problems, i.e., selective improved variety, technical system of efficient cultivation, and utilization of high-value co-products, to establish poly-generation model. In addition, more researches on LCA are required with high accuracy requirement of data focused on the farm stage.
林业生物柴油 / 油棕（Elaeis gunieensis Jacqin.） / 麻疯树（Jatropha curcas L.） / 可持续性 / 全生命周期评价
forest-based biodiesel / Elaeis gunieensis Jacqin. / Jatropha curcas L. / sustainability / life cycle assessment
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