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阿什河流域6种人工林叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的养分分配与利用格局
吴慧, 王树力, 郝玉琢, 周磊
南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5) : 100-108.
PDF(1772 KB)
PDF(1772 KB)
阿什河流域6种人工林叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的养分分配与利用格局
Nutrient distribution and utilization patterns in six plantations leaf-litter-soil system in the Ashi River Basin
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【目的】分别从人工林叶片、凋落物、土壤养分含量及化学计量比的差异,叶片-凋落物养分重吸收的差异,土壤有效养分及其活化的差异等方面,探究黑龙江阿什河流域6种人工林生态系统的养分吸收与利用策略,明确人工针叶林和阔叶林间以及不同树种间叶片-凋落物-土壤系统养分分配格局的差异,从养分优化利用和养分资源合理配置的角度考虑,推断适宜的互补树种,为流域森林景观的恢复和人工林的经营提供依据。【方法】以东北林业大学实验林场森林培育实验站次生林带状皆伐后营造的位置相近、立地条件基本一致的29年生红松、长白落叶松、红皮云杉、水曲柳、黄檗、胡桃楸人工林为研究对象,通过野外调查取样,室内使用碳氮分析仪测定叶片、凋落物、土壤C含量,使用凯氏定氮仪测定叶片和凋落物的N含量,硫酸-高氯酸消化-钼锑抗比色法测定叶片和凋落物的P含量,连续流动分析仪测定土壤的N含量、铵态氮($NH_{4}^{+}-N$)及硝态氮($NO_{3}^{-}-N$)含量,硫酸-高氯酸消化-钼锑抗比色法测定土壤的P含量,HCl-H2SO4浸提法测定土壤的有效磷含量。运用生态化学计量学的研究方法,分析各林分叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的养分含量及其生态化学计量特征,确定各凋落物营养的重吸收及土壤有效养分的供应特征。【结果】①针叶林叶片P含量(1.55 g/kg)显著低于阔叶林叶片P含量(2.02 g/kg)(P<0.05, F=16.92,df=1)。针叶林土壤C、P含量(47.75、1.17 g/kg)显著低于阔叶林土壤C、P含量(76.35、1.47 g/kg)(P<0.05, FC 含量=75.15, FP 含量=9.91,df=1)。6种林分中,水曲柳林叶片的N含量(19.64 g/kg)(P<0.05, F=5.26,df=5)、凋落物C、N、P含量(P<0.05, FC 含量=2.34, FN 含量=1.60, FP 含量=6.74,df=5)和土壤的C、N、P含量(P<0.05, FC 含量=154.84, FN 含量=14.21, FP 含量=53.55,df=5)均相对较高。红皮云杉林叶片P含量(1.30 g/kg)(P<0.05, F=36.71,df=5),长白落叶松林凋落物C含量(P<0.05, F=2.34,df=5),红松林凋落物N含量(P<0.05, F=1.60,df=5)均相对较低。②针叶林叶片碳磷质量比(C/P)值(314.84)显著高于阔叶林叶片C/P值(251.03)(P<0.05, F=20.43,df=1),阔叶林土壤C/P值(53.20)显著高于针叶林土壤C/P值(40.71)(P<0.05, F=15. 38,df=1)。6种林分中,红皮云杉林叶片C/P值(359.24)较高(P<0.05, F=35.02,df=5),水曲柳林叶片碳氮质量比(C/N)值(24.15)相对较低(P<0.05, F=11.42,df=5)。胡桃楸林土壤C/N值(19.82)显著高于长白落叶松林土壤的C/N值(5.62)(P<0.05, F=12.40,df=5)。③针叶林元素重吸收率为N的(25.31%)>P的(14.41%)。阔叶林P重吸收率(29.84%)显著高于针叶林P重吸收率(14.41%)(P<0.05, F=7.30,df=1)。6种林分中,水曲柳N重吸收率(P<0.05, F=13.66,df=5)、黄檗P重吸收率(P<0.05, F=60.40,df=5)相对较高。④阔叶林土壤有效P含量及有效P比率(11.74 mg/kg、8.22×10 -3)显著小于针叶林(16.59 mg/kg、14.24×10 -3)(P<0.05, F有效P含量=7.32, F有效P比率=11.84,df=1)。6种林分中,红松林和胡桃楸林土壤对N的活化能力相对较强,红松林和长白落叶松林土壤有效P的供应能力及其活化能力相对较强。【结论】针叶林叶片P元素利用率高,元素重吸收率为N>P。阔叶林土壤C、P含量较高、有效P积累能力弱、有效P含量及比例均显著低于针叶林,但其P的重吸收率显著高于针叶林。从优化养分资源角度考虑,针叶树种与阔叶树种混交,如红松与水曲柳、长白落叶松与水曲柳混交可以弥补针叶纯林养分分配与利用格局上的不足。
【Objective】This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the recovery of the forest landscape and optimal management of plantations in the Ashi River Basin. The differences in leaf-litter-soil nutrient content and stoichiometric ratio, leaf-litter-nutrient resorption and soil available nutrients and their activation were investigated to explore the nutrient absorption and utilization strategies in plantations of six tree species. Differences in the nutrient distribution patterns between plantations of coniferous and broad-leaved species were also investigated, from the point of rational allocation and optimal utilization of nutrient resources, complementary tree species were inferred. 【Method】The study was conducted at the Forest Cultivation Experiment Station of the Northeast Forestry University in plantations located on secondary forest strip clear cutting land with the same site conditions. The study plantations were 29 years old and contained the following six species: Pinus koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Picea koraiensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense and Juglans mandshurica. Applying the research method of ecological stoichiometry, the nutrient content and stoichiometric characteristics of the leaf-litter-soil system of each plantation were analyzed, and the nutrient resorption of the litter and the supply characteristics of soil available nutrients were confirmed. This was accomplished through field survey sampling and laboratory analysis. A Carbon and nitrogen analyzer was used to determine the carbon (C) content in leaves, litter, and soil and a Kjeldahl instrument was used to determine the nitrogen (N) content in leaves and litter. The soil N content as ammonium nitrogen ($NH_{4}^{+}-N$) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_{3}^{-}-N$) was determined by using a continuous flow analyzer. Phosphorus (P) content was determined by sulfuric-perchloric acid digestion and molybdenum-antimony colorimetry. The soil P content was determined by sulfuric-perchloric acid digestion and molybdenum-antimony colorimetry. Soil available P was determined by HCl-H2SO4 extraction.【Result】① The leaf P content of the coniferous plantations (1.55 g/kg) was significantly lower than that of the broad-leaved plantations (2.02 g/kg) (P < 0.05, F =16.92, df=1) and the C and P content in the coniferous plantations (47.75, 1.17 g/kg) was significantly lower than in the broad-leaved plantations (76.35, 1.47 g/kg) (P<0.05, FC content=75.15, FP content=9.91, df=1). Within all six stands, the leaf N content (19.64 g/kg) (P < 0.05, F =5.26, df=5), C, N and P content in the litter (P < 0.05, FC content =2.34, FN content =1.60, FP content =6.74, df=5) and the soil (P< 0.05, FC content =154.84, FN content =14.21, FP content=53.55, df=5) of the F. mandshurica plantation was higher than those in the other plantations. Leaf P content of the P. koraiensis plantation (1.30 g/kg) (P < 0.05,F =36.71,df=5), litter C content of the L. olgensis plantation (P < 0.05,F =2.34,df=5) and litter N content of the P. koraiensis plantation (P < 0.05,F=1.60,df=5) was lower than those for the other plantations. ② The leaf C/P of the coniferous plantations (314.84) was significantly higher than that of the broad-leaved plantations (251.03) (P < 0.05, F =20.43, df=1) whereas the soil C/P of the broad-leaved plantations (53.20) was significantly higher than that of the coniferous plantations (40.71) (P<0.05, F=15.38, df=1). Within all six stands, the leaf C/P of the P. koraiensis plantation (359.24) was the highest (P < 0.05, F =35.02, df=5), and C/N in the leaves of the F. mandshurica plantation (24.15) was the lowest (P<0.05, F =11.42, df=5). The soil C/N of the J. mandshurica plantation (19.82) was significantly higher than that of the L. olgensis plantation (5.62) (P<0.05, F =12.40, df=5). ③ The N resorption efficiency (25.31%) was significantly higher than the P resorption efficiency (14.41%) in the coniferous plantations and the P resorption efficiency of the broad-leaved plantations (29.84%) was significantly higher than that of the coniferous plantations (14.41%) (P < 0.05, F =7.30, df=1). Within all six stands, the N resorption efficiency of F. mandshurica (P < 0.05, F =13.66, df=5) and the P resorption efficiency of P. amurense (P < 0.05, F =60.40, df=5) were higher than for the litter of the other stands. ④ The ratio of available P content and available P in the broad-leaved plantations (11.74 mg/kg, 8.22×10 -3) was significantly lower than that in the coniferous plantations (16.59 mg/kg, 14.24×10 -3) (P < 0.05, Favailable P content=7.32, Favailable P ratio=11.84, df=1). Within all six stands, the soil activation ability to N of the P. koraiensis plantation and the J. mandshurica plantation was stronger than those that of other plantations, and the soil supply ability and activation ability of available P in the P. koraiensis and the L. olgensis plantations was stronger than in the other plantations. 【Conclusion】The rate of P utilization in the leaves of coniferous plantation trees was higher than that in broad-leaved plantation trees, and the N resorption efficiency was higher than the P resorption efficiency. The C and P content in the soil of the broad-leaved plantations was higher than that of the coniferous plantations, while the available P accumulation ability was weak. The available P content and ratio of the broad-leaved plantations was significantly lower than for the coniferous plantations, but the P resorption efficiency was significantly higher than that for the coniferous plantations. From the point of optimal utilization of nutrients and rational allocation of nutrient resources, coniferous and broad-leaved tree mixes, such as P. koraiensis and F. mandshurica, and L. olgensis and F. mandshurica could create a complementary nutrient allocation and utilization pattern.
人工林 / 叶片 / 凋落物 / 土壤 / 养分格局 / 重吸收率 / 黑龙江阿什河流域
plantation / leaf / litter / soil / nutrient pattern / resorption efficiency / Ashi River Basin / Heilongjiang Province
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采用野外原位收集方法,对川西米亚罗林区不同林龄(9、13、31年)的粗枝云杉人工林根系分泌物和土壤微生物进行了研究.结果表明: 不同林龄粗枝云杉人工林根系的单位质量、长度、面积及根尖分泌速率存在显著差异,表现为9年生云杉林的分泌速率显著大于13年生和31年生云杉林.13年生云杉林的根系活力显著小于9年生和31年生云杉林.不同林龄粗枝云杉人工林的根际土、非根际土微生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)存在显著差异,根际土表现为31年生>13年生>9年生,非根际土为13年生＞31年生＞9年生.随林龄的增加,粗枝云杉的根际土细菌、真菌、放线菌磷脂脂肪酸含量及总量呈现出高-低-高的变化趋势,而非根际土细菌、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、总量及真菌/细菌呈低-高-低的趋势.粗枝云杉根系对土壤MBC、MBN及功能群磷脂脂肪酸含量具有正根际效应.
This study investigated the dynamics of in situ root exudates and soil microbial composition among three Picea asperata plantations with different stand ages (9, 13 and 31 a) in Miyaluo, west Sichuan, China. The results showed that the secretion rates of root exudation per fine biomass, length, surface area and tip were significantly different among the three plantations with different stand ages. The secretion rate of root exudation was the highest in the 9-year-old plantation stand. The root activity of P. asperata was the weakest in the 13-year-old plantation stand. Besides, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were significantly different among the three plantation stands. MBC and MBN contents of rhizosphere soil gradually increased with stand ages, while those of non-rhizosphere soil were the largest in the 13-year-old plantation stand. The phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and their summation in rhizosphere soil presented a trend of high-low-high with stand ages. The opposite pattern was found in the PLFAs of bacteria, fungi, the summation of PLFA, and the ratio of fungi number to bacteria in non-rhizosphere soil. It is suggested that root exudates might have a positive rhizosphere effect on soil microbial biomass C, N and PLFAs of functional groups.
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曾昭霞, 王克林, 刘孝利 , 等. 桂西北喀斯特森林植物-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2015,39(7):682-693.
探明我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区植被恢复重建背景下, 森林植物、凋落物与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征有助于深入地认识喀斯特森林生态系统养分循环规律和系统稳定机制。该文选取桂西北典型喀斯特地区域3个原生林群落和3个自然恢复28年的次生林群落, 研究其“植物-凋落物-土壤”连续体的C、N、P化学计量学特征及其内在关联。结果表明: 1)圆果化香树(Platycarya longipes)、伞花木(Eurycorymbus cavaleriei)和青檀(Pteroceltis tatarinowii)以及圆叶乌桕(Sapium rotundifolium)、八角枫(Alangium chinense)和黄荆(Vitex negundo) 6种植物的C、N、P平均含量分别为427.5、21.2、1.2 mg·g-1; 凋落物C、N、P平均含量分别为396.2、12.7、0.9 mg·g-1, 而表层土壤(0-10 cm) C、N、P平均含量分别为92.0、6.35和1.5 mg·g-1。2)原生林N再吸收率(平均值为42.7%)高于次生林(平均值为36.5%), P再吸收率(20.4%)显著低于次生林(32.3%) (p < 0.05); 6个森林群落N的再吸收率均大于P的再吸收率。3)不同群落凋落物的C:N值差异不显著, 原生林植物的C:N值小于次生林、土壤C:N显著大于次生林; 原生林土壤C:P与次生林无显著差异, 植物与凋落物C:P小于次生林; 原生林凋落物与土壤N:P值小于次生林, 植物N:P比平均值均为17.4。4)研究区典型森林群落植物中N和P含量呈显著的正相关关系, 植物C:N与N:P、C:P与N:P比值均无明显相关关系; 经过对数变换后的土壤C:N与N:P呈显著负相关关系, 凋落物的C:P与N:P值呈极显著正相关关系。研究结果可为我国西南典型喀斯特脆弱生态区的生态功能恢复与植被重建提供科学依据。
Aims The objectives of this study were to characterize the C:N:P stoichiometry of the “plant-litter-soil” continuum and to better understand nutrient cycling and stability mechanisms in karst forest ecosystems in Southwest China. Methods Three representative forest sites were selected for each of the primary and secondary communities (28 years of natural restoration) in Northwest Guangxi, and measurements were made on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents in plants, litter and soils. Important findings Compared with other regions, the plants in karst forest ecosystems had relatively lower C content and higher N content, with a lower C:N ratio in consistency with the characteristics of plants. After 28 years of natural recovery, N and P absorption in secondary forests were at a relatively stable state compared with the primary forest communities. The values of N:P ratio varied from a range of 16-19 in the primary forest communities to 17-19 in the secondary forest communities, without apparent difference in the mean vale between the two contrasting community types. Soil organic C, N and P in karst forests occurred primarily in the top 0-10 cm soil layer, at 92.0 mg·g-1 C, 6.35 mg·g-1 N, and 1.5 mg·g-1 P, respectively. In contrast, the nutrient utilization efficiency and nutrient resorption rate were lower in karst forest plants than in other plant types, with karst forest plants exhibiting a relatively rapid nutrient turnover rate. The N resorption rate was lower, and the P resorption higher, in the primary forest communities than in the secondary forest communities, indicating that the higher N deficiency and lower P deficiency of the primary forest communities compared with the secondary forest communities. Determination of the C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics in the plant-litter-soil continuum in this study provides a scientific guidance for restoration of the vulnerable karst ecosystem in Southwest China.
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阎恩荣, 王希华, 周武 . 天童常绿阔叶林演替系列植物群落的N:P化学计量特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2008,32(1):13-22.
土壤氮磷养分对植物生长的限制性可通过植被的N∶P化学计量特征来反映。该研究以常绿阔叶林演替系列为对象，将N∶P作为诊断指标，揭示常绿阔叶林次生演替过程中植物群落的N∶P化学计量特征和养分限制作用。结果显示：1)物种水平的N∶P大小不一，但演替系列总体的变化特征表现出了较高的一致性。2）在群落水平上，次生演替初期的灌草丛N∶P极小(7.38)，远远低于14，当演替进入灌丛阶段，N∶P 显著增高到19.96，在进入演替中期的针叶林(14.29)和针阔混交林(14.21)时，N∶P显著下降到 14～16之间，演替中后期的木荷(Schima superba)群落(18.77)和栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)群落(20.13)的N∶P发生了显著的升高过程 。根据以往对N∶P临界值的确定，可以认为，常绿阔叶林次生演替初期的植物群落生产力主要受到氮素的限制作用；演替中期的针叶林和针阔混交林主要受氮磷的共同限制，但以氮素的限制作用更为强烈；演替中后期植物群落主要受到土壤磷素的限制作用。
Aims It is well documented that nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two main growth-limiting nutrients for plants in many natural environments. Plant N∶P ratio has proved useful as an indicator of shifts from N (P) to P (N) limitation because it is easily determined and compared. However, little is known about the plant N∶P ratio in evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLF), particularly the pattern along secondary succession. Therefore, our goal was to examine the relationship between the form of nutrient limitation and secondary successional stage by using the N∶P ratio of plant leaves (ratio of N to P concentration) as an indicator.
Methods The research was completed in Tiantong National Forest Park (29 °52′N, 121°39′E, 200 m elevation), Zhejiang Province, East China. Leaf N and P concentrations of dominant tree species along a secondary succession gradient of EBLF were quantified to provide canopy N∶P ratios for different communities. Leaf N and P concentrations of common plant species in a given community were then determined to emphasize the relationships between differences in the N∶P ratios among species at each successional stage. Important findings Shifts in the N∶P ratios of species were consistent along the successional series, although the N∶P ratios of different species in a given community varied considerably. At the community level, the lowest N∶P ratio (7.38 ) was found in grassland, which was usually considered a primary stage of EBLF succession. Thereafter, the N∶P ratio increased to 19.96 in the shrub stage, declined to an average of 14-16 in the mid-stages of succession, including coniferous forest and coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, and increased at the end stages of succession (e.g. 18.77 in the Schima superbacommunity and 20.13 in the Castanopsis fargesii community). These results suggest that the productivity of vegetation in the Tiantong region is N-limited in the primary stages of succession, N-and P-limited in the mid-succession stages and probably P-limited in the shrub and mature EBLF stages. |
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李明军, 喻理飞, 杜明凤 , 等. 不同林龄杉木人工林植物-凋落叶-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征及互作关系[J]. 生态学报, 2018,38(21):7772-7781.
以贵州8年、16年、28年生杉木人工林为研究对象，分析植物-凋落叶-土壤的C、N、P化学计量特征及其内在联系，探讨林龄对杉木人工林生态化学计量的影响，为杉木人工林可持续经营提供参考。结果表明：（1）杉木人工林植物-凋落叶-土壤均呈高C低N、P元素格局，两两组分间差异显著（P< 0.05）；成熟叶C/N（38.58）、C/P（376.67）偏低，其养分利用效率较低；与成熟叶相比，凋落叶N、P偏低，C/N、C/P偏高；土壤C/P、N/P偏低，C/N较高，说明土壤P素分解较快而N保存较好，反映了凋落叶分解不利。（2）成熟叶C、P以及根、凋落叶、土壤的C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P均受林龄的显著影响；从8年到28年，C、N、P含量在植物体呈先增后减趋势，而在土壤中相反，呈先减后增趋势，但在凋落物中C、P显著减小，且C/P，N/P显著增加，反映杉木林早期对养分需求旺盛，随年龄增大需求减小，凋落物分解受制于P素，加剧中幼期杉木生态系统养分供需矛盾。（3）成熟叶与凋落叶N、C/N、N/P之间显著正相关，凋落叶养分源自成熟叶；成熟叶重吸收率P（0.518-0.645）> N（0.292-0.488），即对P的利用效率高于N。凋落叶与土壤C、C/N之间显著负相关，表明土壤C、N来源于凋落叶分解，但凋落叶分解缓慢，导致大量元素滞留于凋落叶，土壤损耗元素得不到补给，两者间养分循环缓慢。土壤与根C、P、C/N、C/P、N/P之间均显著正相关，土壤与成熟叶的C、N、P均不相关，表明土壤养分是杉木生长养分的主要来源，但土壤C、N、P含量对成熟叶C、N、P含量影响不大。
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王树力, 郝玉琢, 周磊 , 等. 水曲柳人工林树木叶片营养元素及其化学计量特征的季节动态[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2018,40(10):24-33.
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张韫 . 土壤·水·植物理化分析教程[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2011: 70-79.
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白雪娟, 曾全超, 安韶山 , 等. 黄土高原不同人工林叶片-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2016,27(12):3823-3830.
为探究“退耕还林(牧)”工程对陕西省子午岭林区的影响，分析3种典型的人工林(刺槐林、油松林和侧柏林)叶片-凋落叶-土壤的C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量特征.结果表明： 3种人工林不同组分中C、N、P含量大小均为叶片>凋落叶>土壤，刺槐林叶片N、P含量显著高于油松林和侧柏林.刺槐林、油松林和侧柏林叶片N∶P分别为12.2、5.4和6.1，油松和侧柏较刺槐林存在N亏损，C∶N和C∶P大小均为凋落叶>叶片>土壤，N∶P为叶片>凋落叶>土壤.油松林叶片C∶N与凋落叶C∶N间存在显著正相关关系.刺槐叶片在生长周期内吸收利用的N和P存在比例关系，且其凋落叶在元素再吸收后N和P的残留量也存在比例关系.与油松和侧柏相比，刺槐是黄土高原南部森林带最适宜的造林树种.
In order to research into the influence of Grain to Green Project in Ziwuling forest region, this paper took three typical plantations which were Robinia pseudoacacia plantation, Pinus tabuliformis plantation, and Platycladus orientalis plantation in the Ziwuling forest region of Shaanxi Province as research objects and analyzed the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of leaf, litter and soil among the three plantations. The results showed that the contents of C, N and P in the three plantations were in order of leaf > litter > soil, the contents of N and P in leaf of R. pseudoacacia plantation were significantly higher than that of P. tabuliformis plantation and P. orientalis. Leaf N:P was 12.21, 5.36 and 6.09 in R. pseudoacacia plantation, P. tabuliformis plantation and P. orientalis plantation, respectively. It was indicated that the three species were all subject to N deficiency. C:N and C:P showed the trend of litter > leaf > soil, and N:P demonstrated the trend of leaf > litter > soil. There were highly significant positive relationships in C:N between leaf and litter in P. tabuliformis plantation. N and P in the leaf development process of R. pseudoacacia plantation were proportionally absorbed, and proportionally remained in the litter after N and P resorption. R. pseudoacacia was the better plantation species than P. tabuliformis and P. orientalis in the south fo-rest zone on the Loess Plateau.
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任悦, 高广磊, 丁国栋 , 等. 沙地樟子松人工林叶片-枯落物-土壤氮磷化学计量特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2019,30(3):743-750.
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Soil microorganisms and plants produce enzymes thatmineralize organically bound nutrients. When nutrientavailability is low, the biota may be able to increase production ofthese enzymes to enhance the supply of inorganicnitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Regulation of enzyme productionmay be a point where N and P cyclesinteract. We measured acid phosphatase and chitinase(N-acetyl ß-D-glucosaminide) activity in soilacross a chronosequence in Hawaii where N and Pavailability varies substantially among sites and longterm fertilizer plots had been maintained for over 4years.
Phosphatase activity was high at all sites. Chitinaseactivity decreased significantly as age and Navailability increased across the chronosequence.Phosphorus addition suppressed phosphatase activity atall sites, while N addition increased phosphataseactivity at the young, N-limited site. In contrast,N addition repressed chitinase activity only at the Nlimited young site, and P additions had no effect onchitinase activity. These results suggest that theregulatory relationship between nutrient supply andnutrient mineralization are asymmetric for N and P,and that the differences could help to explaindifferences observed in patterns of N and Pavailability. |
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Nutrient resorption in plants influences nutrient availability and cycling and is a key process in biogeochemical models. Improved estimates of resorption parameters are needed for predicting long-term primary productivity and for improving such models. Currently, most models assume a value of 50% resorption for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and lack resorption data for other nutrients and for specific vegetation types. We provide global estimates of resorption efficiencies and nutrient concentrations for carbon (C), N, and P and the first global-scale estimates for essential nutrients such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). We also examine leaf mass loss during senescence (LML) globally and for different plant types, thus defining a mass loss correction factor (MLCF) needed to quantify unbiased resorption values. We used a global meta-analysis of 86 studies and; similar to 1000 data points across climates for green and senesced leaves in six plant types: ferns, forbs, graminoids, conifers, and evergreen and deciduous woody angiosperms. In general, N and P resorption differed significantly from the commonly used global value of 50% (62.1%, 64.9%, respectively; P, 0.05). Ca, C, and Mg showed lower average resorptions of 10.9%, 23.2%, and 28.6%, respectively, while K had the highest resorption, at 70.1%. We also found that resorption of all nutrients except Ca depended on leaf nutrient-status; globally, C, N, P, K, and Mg showed a decrease in resorption with increased nutrient status. On average, global leaf mass loss was 24.2%. Overall, our resorption data differ substantially from commonly assumed values and should help improve ecological theory and biogeochemical and land-surface models.
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聂兰琴, 吴琴, 尧波 , 等. 鄱阳湖湿地优势植物叶片-凋落物-土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征[J]. 生态学报, 2016,36(7):1898-1906.
2013年11月初在鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区,采集芦苇(Phragmites australis)、南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)、菰(Zizania latifolia(Griseb.))、灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)、红穗苔草(Carex argyi)和水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)等6种优势植物新鲜叶片、凋落物及表层0-15cm土壤样品测定了碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,以阐明不同物种、不同生活型间C、N、P化学计量差异,探讨化学计量垂直分异。结果表明:1)C、N、P含量变化范围分别为:叶片380.6-432.2 mg/g,15.3-32.6 mg/g和1.3-2.0 mg/g;凋落物345.4-416.1 mg/g,10.8-20.8 mg/g和1.1-1.7 mg/g;土壤15.0-38.1 mg/g,1.2-3.1 mg/g 和0.7-1.1mg/g,不同物种间叶片、凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量差异显著,且叶片C、N、P含量显著高于凋落物与土壤。2)土壤C:N、C:P及N:P值显著低于叶片与凋落物,且土壤C、N、P化学计量关系与凋落物更为密切,凋落物的C:N、N:P分别能解释土壤C:N、N:P变异的35%、18%。3)挺水植物与湿生植物之间叶片C:N、N:P值差异显著,C:P则差异不显著,凋落物C:N、C:P与N:P均未达到显著性差异。
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王薪琪, 王传宽, 韩轶 . 树种对土壤有机碳密度的影响: 5种温带树种同质园试验[J]. 植物生态学报, 2015,39(11):1033-1043.
树种通过改变凋落物输入与周转及根系活动影响土壤的理化和生物学性质及固碳功能。合理选择树种是碳汇林业中一个亟待解决的理论和实践问题。为了减少林分特征和立地条件差异的影响, 2004年在相同气候、土壤和经营历史的立地上建立了东北地区常见树种同质园, 10年(2013–2014年)后测定了其中的3种阔叶树(白桦(Betula platyphylla)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica))和两种针叶树(落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica))人工纯林的土壤有机碳(SOC)及土壤容重、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、pH值等相关因子, 旨在比较探索树种对SOC含量及其垂直分布的影响。结果表明: (1)树种显著影响0–40 cm土层SOC总密度(p < 0.05)。其中, 0–10 cm土层SOC密度变化范围为2.79–3.08 kg·m–2, 表现为胡桃楸林>水曲柳林>白桦林>落叶松林>樟子松林; 10–20 cm土层变化范围为1.56–2.19 kg·m–2, 表现为樟子松林>胡桃楸林>水曲柳林>白桦林>落叶松林; 20–30 cm土层变化范围为1.17–2.10 kg·m–2, 表现为白桦林、水曲柳林显著高于其他树种纯林; 30–40 cm土层变化范围为0.84–1.43 kg· m–2, 表现为白桦林显著高于其他树种纯林。(2) SOC密度垂直分布格局因树种和土层而异。胡桃楸林、落叶松林0–10 cm土层SOC密度占0–40 cm土层总密度的相对量显著高于其他树种纯林, 白桦林20–40 cm土层的SOC密度相对量显著高于其他树种纯林, 这说明不同层次SOC密度的主控因子因树种而异。(3)不同树种纯林SOC浓度、容重差异显著, 且两者呈负相关。胡桃楸林、水曲柳林和落叶松林SOC密度与土壤微生物生物量、土壤pH值均呈正相关关系。5个树种纯林SOC密度均与全氮密度呈正相关关系。研究表明, 树种通过改变土壤理化性质和微生物活动而显著影响SOC密度, 不同树种SOC密度垂直变化格局可能是由不同树种在各个土层中的SOC密度主控因素不同所致。
Aims Forest trees alter litter inputs, turnover and rhizospheric activities, modify soil physical, chemical and biological properties, and consequently affect soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and carbon sink strength. That how to select appropriate tree species in afforestation, reforestation and management practices is critical to enhancing forest carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of tree species on SOC density and vertical distributions.
Methods A common garden experiment with the same climate, soil, and management history was established in Maoershan Forest Ecosystem Station, Northeast China, in 2004. The experimental design was a completely randomized arrangement with twenty 25 m × 25 m plots, consisting of monocultures of five tree species, including white birch (Betula platyphylla), Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica), Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii), and Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), each with four replicated plots. A decade after the establishment (2013–2014), we measured carbon density and related factors (i.e., bulk density, total nitrogen concentration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, pH value) in soils of the 0–40 cm depth for these monocultures. Important findings Results showed that tree species significantly influenced the SOC density in the 0–40 cm depth (p < 0.05). SOC density in the 0–10 cm depth varied from 2.79 to 3.08 kg·m–2, in the order of walnut > ash> birch > larch > pine, in the 10–20 cm depth from 1.56 to 2.19 kg·m–2, in the order of pine > walnut > ash > birch > larch, in the 20–30 cm depth from 1.17 to 2.10 kg·m–2, and in the 20–40 cm depth from 0.84 to 1.43 kg·m–2. The greatest SOC density occurred in the birch stands in the 20–40 cm depth. The vertical distributions of SOC density varied with tree species. The percentage of SOC in the 0–10 cm depth over the total SOC in the soil profile was significantly higher in the walnut and larch stands than in others, while the percentage of SOC in the 20–40 cm depth over the total SOC was highest in the birch stands. SOC concentration and soil bulk density differed significantly among the stands of different tree species, and were negatively correlated. SOC density was positively correlated with soil microbial biomass and soil pH in the walnut, ash, and larch stands, and with total nitrogen density in all the stands. We conclude that tree species modifies soil properties and microbial activity, thereby influencing SOC density, and that different patterns of vertical distributions of SOC density among monocultures of different tree species may be attributed to varying SOC controls at each soil depth. |
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In the current context of climate change, the study of microbial communities along altitudinal gradients is especially useful. Only few studies considered altitude and season at the same time. We characterized four forest sites located in the Italian Alps, along an altitude gradient (545-2000 m a.s.l.), to evaluate the effect of altitude in spring and autumn on soil microbial properties. Each site in each season was characterized with regard to soil temperature, physicochemical properties, microbial activities (respiration, enzymes), community level physiological profiles (CLPP), microbial abundance and community structure (PLFA). Increased levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients were found at higher altitudes and in autumn, resulting in a significant increase of (soil dry-mass related) microbial activities and abundance at higher altitudes. Significant site- and season-specific effects were found for enzyme production. The significant interaction of the factors site and incubation temperature for soil microbial activities indicated differences in microbial communities and their responses to temperature among sites. CLPP revealed site-specific effects. Microbial community structure was influenced by altitudinal, seasonal and/or site-specific effects. Correlations demonstrated that altitude, and not season, was the main factor determining the changes in abiotic and biotic characteristics at the sites investigated.
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罗艳, 贡璐, 朱美玲 , 等. 塔里木河上游荒漠区4种灌木植物叶片与土壤生态化学计量特征[J]. 生态学报, 2017,37(24):8326-8335.
分析了塔里木河上游荒漠区灌木植物叶片和土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量及其化学计量特征以及二者之间的相关性，旨在阐明荒漠植被在极端环境下养分循环及限制状况，为塔里木河上游荒漠生态系统的恢复与保护提供理论依据。以塔里木河上游多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissma）、盐穗木（Halostachys caspica）、黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）、铃铛刺（Halimodendron halodendron）4种荒漠灌木植物叶片和土壤为研究对象，分析植物叶片和土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征及其相关性。结果表明：在4种不同荒漠灌木植物叶片中柽柳叶片的C含量为（484.77±59.74）mg/g，显著高于其他灌木植物（P< 0.05）；铃铛刺的N含量是（14.20±1.58）mg/g，显著高于其他灌木植物（P< 0.05）；柽柳叶片的P含量为（0.54±0.16）mg/g，显著低于其他灌木植物（P< 0.05）。4种灌木植物叶片C/N比值大小为黑果枸杞 > 柽柳 > 铃铛刺 > 盐穗木，且黑果枸杞的C/N比值显著最高为（37.83±7.74）（P< 0.05）；C/P为柽柳 > 铃铛刺 > 盐穗木 > 黑果枸杞，盐穗木和黑果枸杞的C/P显著低于其他灌木（P< 0.05），其比值分别为（379.76±158.63）和（383.47±128.95）；N/P为柽柳 > 铃铛刺 > 盐穗木 > 黑果枸杞，柽柳的N/P比值显著最高为（22.34±4.60）（P< 0.05）。4种不同荒漠灌木土壤的有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量及其化学计量比特征均未表现出显著的差异。由相关性分析可知柽柳叶片仅P含量与土壤TP含量呈现出显著正相关（P< 0.05）；铃铛刺叶片C含量与土壤TN、叶片P含量与土壤TN/TP均呈显著负相关（P< 0.05），而叶片C含量与土壤TN/TP呈极显著负相关（P< 0.01）；盐穗木和黑果枸杞叶片化学计量特征与土壤的化学计量特征均未表现出显著相关性（P > 0.05）。说明植物叶片化学计量特征并非是由土壤养分含量特征直接决定的，更多受植物自身遗传特性的影响，体现了荒漠灌木植物对极端生境的适应性。
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庄明浩, 李迎春, 郭子武 , 等. CO2浓度升高对毛竹和四季竹叶片主要养分化学计量特征的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013,19(1):239-245.
由西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum)引起的西瓜枯萎病是导致西瓜生产毁灭性损失的土传病害，当前对该病尚无有效的防治措施。为了探索该病的生物防治效果，本研究从土壤中分离筛选西瓜枯萎病的拮抗菌，制成生物有机肥，通过温室盆栽试验检验防病效果，并对与拮抗相关的拮抗菌葡聚糖酶进行分子生物学检测。从不同土壤中分离纯化到对西瓜枯萎病菌有潜在拮抗作用的细菌172株，通过平板对峙法筛选出抑菌率在 60%以上的拮抗细菌13株，从中挑选出2株抑菌率最高的菌株Cy5和CR38，分别用其与已腐熟的有机肥制成生物有机肥BIO5和BIO38。盆栽试验结果表明，BIO5在防病和促进西瓜生长方面表现优于BIO38。与对照相比，BIO5和BIO38对西瓜枯萎病的相对防治率分别为75%和25%。BIO5处理植株的株高、地上部鲜重、地上部干重分别比对照增加 64.8%、63.0%和50%。施用生物有机肥还能显著改变根际土壤的微生物组成。BIO5处理根际土壤的细菌和枯草芽孢杆菌数量分别比对照增加48.5%和61.1%，真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量比对照分别下降52.1%和70.2%。分子生物学分析表明，菌株Cy5属于Paenibacillus jamilae菌株，并含有类似于P. polymyxa的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶。本研究结果说明，拮抗菌强化的生物有机肥对西瓜枯萎病有防治潜力。
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王晶苑, 王绍强, 李纫兰 , 等. 中国四种森林类型主要优势植物的C:N:P化学计量学特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2011,35(6):587-595.
为了评价不同森林类型的生态化学计量特征的差异, 以吉林长白山温带针阔混交林、广东鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林、云南西双版纳热带季雨林和江西千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象, 通过对2007年4月–2008年5月4种典型区域森林植物叶片和凋落物的碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)元素质量比与N、P再吸收率的分析, 探讨了4种森林类型N、P养分限制和N、P养分再吸收的内在联系。结果表明: 1)从森林类型上看, 温带针阔混交林叶片的C : N : P为321 : 13 : 1, 亚热带常绿阔叶林叶片的C : N : P为561 : 22 : 1, 热带季雨林叶片的C : N : P为442 : 19 : 1, 亚热带人工针叶林叶片的C : N : P为728 : 18 : 1; 凋落物的C : N : P也是亚热带人工林最高, 达1 950 : 27 : 1, 温带针阔混交林的最低, 为552 : 14 : 1, 热带季雨林的为723 : 24 : 1, 亚热带常绿阔叶林的为1 305 : 35 : 1, 不同森林类型凋落物的C : N : P的计量大小关系与叶片的结果一致; 2)从植物生活型上看, 常绿针叶林叶片的C : N均显著高于常绿阔叶林及落叶阔叶林; 叶片C : P与森林类型的关系并不十分密切; 常绿阔叶林叶片的N : P最高, 常绿针叶林次之, 落叶阔叶林最低; 3)植物叶片的N : P与月平均气温有显著的负相关关系, 但叶片的C : P基本不受月平均气温影响, 叶片的C、N、P计量比与降水的线性关系不显著; 4)高纬度地区的植物更易受N元素限制, 而低纬度地区植物更易受P元素的限制; 但受N或P限制的植物并不一定具有高的N或P再吸收率。研究结果表明, 不同类型森林的叶片与凋落物的化学计量特征具有一致性, 但是环境因子对不同类型植物化学计量比的影响并不相同。
Aims The nitrogen and phosphorus characteristics of plants represent plant features and responses to environmental factors. Our objectives are to distinguish leaf and litter C : N : P stoichiometric characteristics, nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of trees, and the relationship between stoichiometric ratio and temperature and precipitation for four typical regions in China.
Methods We studied temperate coniferous, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved, tropical monsoon and tropical plantation forest in the Changbaishan, Dinghushan, Xishuangbanna and Qianyanzhou Ecological Stations, respectively. We analyzed leaf and litter C : N : P, N, P and the relation of N, P nutrition limitation at each station. Important findings Leaf C : N : P in temperate needle and broad-leaved mixed, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved, tropical rain and subtropical plantation forests were 321 : 13 : 1, 561 : 22 : 1, 442 : 19 : 1 and 728 : 18 : 1, respectively. Litter C : N : P of the four forest types were 552 : 14 : 1, 1 305 : 35 : 1, 723 : 24 : 1, 1 950 : 27 : 1, respectively. The C : N of evergreen coniferous forest is higher than in evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forests, but C : P has no relationship with forest type. Leaf N : P was highest in evergreen broad-leaved forest and lowest in deciduous broad-leaved forest. Plant N : P has a linear relation with latitude and mean monthly temperature, but neither N or P concentration has such a relationship. Plant at high latitude are easily limited by N, those in low latitude are easily limited by P, but results show that plants limited by N or P don’t have higher N or P resorption. Stoichiometric ratios of leaf and litter are consistent, but environmental factors have different effects on different kinds of plant. |
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刘泽彬, 程瑞梅, 肖文发 , 等. 三峡库区库首森林生态系统植物叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2017,41(2):27-33.
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陈印平, 夏江宝, 赵西梅 , 等. 黄河三角洲典型人工林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征[J]. 土壤通报, 2017,48(2):392-398.
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王建林, 钟志明, 王忠红 , 等. 青藏高原高寒草原生态系统土壤碳氮比的分布特征[J]. 生态学报, 2014,34(22):6678-6691.
利用67个样点数据,研究了青藏高原高寒草原生态系统土壤碳氮比的分布特征.结果表明:(1)在水平方向上,土壤碳氮比呈现出西北高、东南低的总体态势和斑块状交错分布的格局,碳氮比的高值区主要集中在藏北高原腹地和喜马拉雅山北麓湖盆区,不同草地型和不同自然地带土壤碳氮比差异显著;(2)土壤剖面自上而下,不同草地型碳氮比可分为低-高-低型、由高到低型、由低到高型、高-低-高-低型和高-低-高型等5个类型.表土层(0-20 cm)与底土层(30-40 cm)土壤碳氮比差异显著;(3)土壤碳氮比与与最冷月均气温、年均蒸发量、年均相对湿度和土壤全氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,而与年均日照时数、年均气温、速效钾含量呈极显著负相关关系,这些环境因素对土壤碳氮比影响从大到小的顺序是年均相对湿度 > 年均日照时数 > 最冷月均气温 > 年均气温 > 年均蒸发量 > 土壤全氮含量 > 土壤速效钾含量.
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