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加拿大一枝黄花入侵对杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响
杨赛兰, 耿庆宏, 许崇华, 彭凡茜, 张梦华, 徐侠
南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5) : 117-124.
PDF(1676 KB)
PDF(1676 KB)
加拿大一枝黄花入侵对杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响
Effects of Solidago canadensis L. invasion on soil respiration in poplar plantations (Populus deltoides)
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【目的】杨树是我国重要的人工林栽培树种,近年大量的加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)入侵杨树人工林生态系统,研究加拿大一枝黄花对杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响,有助于进一步认识陆地人工林生态系统的地下碳(C)循环对植物入侵的响应及其机制。【方法】2018年11月以江苏省东台林场内加拿大一枝黄花入侵和未入侵的8年生相同立地条件下杨树人工林群落为研究对象并建立固定样地,采用长期野外试验监测的研究方法对土壤呼吸以及土壤温度和湿度进行监测,同时钻取土芯测定样地土壤理化性质,对比加拿大一枝黄花入侵与未入侵条件下杨树人工林群落土壤呼吸的变化规律,探讨加拿大一枝黄花入侵杨树人工林后各个非生物因子变化对土壤呼吸的影响。【结果】加拿大一枝黄花的入侵显著增加了杨树人工林的土壤呼吸(P <0.001),且主导这种变化的非生物因子是入侵导致的土壤湿度的变化。加拿大一枝黄花入侵会通过改变土壤理化性质来影响土壤呼吸,显著增加杨树人工林的土壤湿度(P <0.001),同时显著增加土壤总氮含量(P <0.05),降低土壤碳氮比(P <0.05),但对于土壤总碳含量的增加并不显著(P >0.05),对土壤温度和pH的影响也不显著(P >0.05)。【结论】加拿大一枝黄花的入侵增加了杨树人工林土壤系统二氧化碳的排放量,增加了土壤系统的C损失,改变了杨树人工林土壤的C交换过程。
【Objective】 Poplar plantations are one of the most important planted forests in China. They play a key role in regional C cycling. However, Solidago canadensis L. has increasingly invaded poplar plantations recently in Jiangsu Province, which may substantially affect the C cycling of these plantations. In this study, we investigated the effects of invasion by S. canadensis on soil respiration in poplar plantations (Populus deltoides ‘I-35’) and explored the factors regulating soil respiration across the invaded and non-invaded poplar communities. 【Method】 Our experimental site is located at the Dongtai Forest Farm in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, eastern China (120°49' E, 32°52' N). The farm has a climate classified as Cfa (Humid subtropical climate). The mean annual temperature is 13.7 ℃ and the mean annual precipitation is 1 051 mm. The soil of the forest farm comprised desalted sandy meadow soil with a pH 8. Our invasion experiment was established in November 2018. We chose 8-year-old pure poplar plantations with uniform site conditions and management measures either with or without S. canadensis invasion as our plots. We used a randomized design with four replicates. Each replicate subplot was 25 m × 30 m with a 50 m buffer zone between any two adjacent subplots. Soil temperature and moisture were measured once a month in March and April 2019. Soil cores, 4 cm in diameter, were collected in March 2019 in each subplot. Soil samples were transferred to our lab, air-dried, ground, and then, total C and N (TC and TN) content was measured by combustion using an elemental analyzer. Soil respiration was measured by using LI-COR 6400. An analysis of variance was applied to examine the effects of invasion on the measured variables and a regression analysis was used to explore the factors regulating soil respiration. 【Result】 The invasion of S. canadensis greatly altered the microclimate and soil properties. We found the invasion significantly increased soil moisture (P <0.001) and TN content (P <0.05). Furthermore, the invasion decreased soil m(C)/m(N) (C/N ratio, P<0.05). Effects of invasion on TC content, soil temperature, and pH were not significant (all P >0.05). Importantly, the invasion of S. canadensis significantly increased soil respiration in poplar plantations (P<0.001). The increases in soil respiration under invasion were associated with changes in microclimate and soil properties as indicated by correlations of soil respiration with microclimate and soil properties. The step-wise regression analysis showed that soil moisture was the dominant factor in regulating variations in soil respiration. 【Conclusion】 In general, the invasion of S. canadensis increases the carbon dioxide emissions of soil systems of poplar plantations leading to increasing loss of C in the soil system. Moreover, the invasion of S. canadensis changes the C exchange process of poplar plantations. Our results contribute to the further understanding of belowground C cycling in response to plant invasions and the associated mechanisms. Furthermore, our results suggest that C cycling models of terrestrial ecosystem should consider the impacts of plant invasion to improve predictions of future climate change.
Solidago canadensis L. / plant invasion / poplar plantation / soil respiration
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生物入侵已给人类社会带来了巨大的环境和经济损失, 但关于植物入侵对生态系统的影响后果还知之甚少。土壤是生态系统的重要组成部分, 植物入侵对土壤特性的影响已引起了生态学家的普遍关注。我们将原产北美的入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和同属土著植物一枝黄花(S. decurrens)种植在具有相同利用历史的土壤中, 通过检测生长后期不同植物下土壤特性的差异来研究加拿大一枝黄花的入侵后果。测定的土壤特性包括pH值、总碳、总氮、土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮、净铵化速率、净硝化速率和净矿化速率等。野外选取了加拿大一枝黄花的典型入侵地上海江湾绿地进行土壤特性调查作为辅证。移栽实验和野外调查得到了基本一致的结果: 加拿大一枝黄花调节了土壤pH值, 增加了总碳、氮库和有机质库, 降低了铵氮库和硝氮库。加拿大一枝黄花还促进了微生物的矿化速率和铵化速率, 这表明该物种提高了土壤无机氮和铵氮的供给。控制无机氮浓度和无机氮形式的独立实验表明, 高氮供给和富铵氮条件有利于加拿大一枝黄花的生长。本研究不仅为外来植物入侵后果的评估提供实验证据, 而且为植物成功入侵的机制探索提供思路。
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Plant invasion potentially alters ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. However, the overall direction and magnitude of such alterations are poorly quantified. Here, 94 experimental studies were synthesized, using a meta-analysis approach, to quantify the changes of 20 variables associated with C and N cycles, including their pools, fluxes, and other related parameters in response to plant invasion. Pool variables showed significant changes in invaded ecosystems relative to native ecosystems, ranging from a 5% increase in root carbon stock to a 133% increase in shoot C stock. Flux variables, such as above-ground net primary production and litter decomposition, increased by 50-120% in invaded ecosystems, compared with native ones. Plant N concentration, soil NH+4 and NO-3 concentrations were 40, 30 and 17% higher in invaded than in native ecosystems, respectively. Increases in plant production and soil N availability indicate that there was positive feedback between plant invasion and C and N cycles in invaded ecosystems. Invasions by woody and N-fixing plants tended to have greater impacts on C and N cycles than those by herbaceous and nonN-fixing plants, respectively. The responses to plant invasion are not different among forests, grasslands, and wetlands. All of these changes suggest that plant invasion profoundly influences ecosystem processes.
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