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生物质炭对杨树人工林土壤微生物群落的影响
Effects of biochars pyrolyzed at different temperatures on soil microbial community in a poplar plantation in coastal eastern China
研究不同温度制备的生物质炭对杨树人工林土壤微生物群落结构和酶活性影响的差异，探究土壤pH、微生物群落结构及其酶活性之间的关系，为深入研究生物质炭对土壤碳循环的影响提供参考。
以江苏省东台林场的杨树人工林土壤为研究对象，开展了60 d的室内培养实验，设计不添加生物质炭的对照（CK）、添加以水稻为原料在300 ℃和500 ℃制备的生物质炭（B300和B500）共3个处理，分别在培养0、1、7、30和60 d时破坏性采集土壤样品，利用磷脂脂肪酸法（PLFAs）测定土壤微生物群落结构，通过比色法测定土壤β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和漆酶活性，利用电极法测定土壤pH。
生物质炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响呈现出明显的阶段性。与CK相比，培养7 d时，B300和B500处理的细菌相对丰度分别提高了5.87%和11.8%（P = 0.016，F = 8.85，df = 8）,而革兰氏阴性（G-）菌/革兰氏阳性（G+）菌分别降低了7.47%和21.4%（P = 0.093，F = 4.55，df = 8）。与此同时，放线菌的相对丰度分别降低了15.2%和17.5%（P = 0.005，F = 14.00，df = 8）；培养30 d时，生物质炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响恰好与培养7 d时相反，并且同样是B500比B300处理的影响程度大；培养60 d时，生物质炭没有对土壤微生物群落结构产生明显影响。平均而言，与CK相比，B500处理的β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性和纤维二糖糖苷酶活性分别提高了21.2%（P = 0.031，F = 6.53，df = 8）和34.7%（P = 0.011，F = 10.31，df = 8），而B300处理的2个水解酶活性没有明显变化，B300和B500处理的多酚氧化酶活性分别提高了33.8%和40.1%（P = 0.021，F = 7.80，df = 8）。相关分析表明，土壤pH不是影响土壤微生物群落结构和酶活性的关键因子，并且微生物群落结构改变不是引起酶活性变化的主要原因。
300 ℃和500 ℃制备的生物质炭对杨树人工林土壤微生物群落结构和酶活性影响的方向一致，但500 ℃比300 ℃制备的生物质炭对土壤徽生物群落的影响程度更大，这可能是由于500 ℃制备的生物质炭含有更多难分解碳而引起。
To provide a basis for an in depth study of the impacts of biochar on soil carbon cycling, we examined the effects of biochars pyrolyzed at different temperatures on the soil microbial activity and community structure in a poplar plantation as well as on the relationship with soil pH.
Poplar plantation soil was sampled from Dongtai Forest Farm, Jiangsu Province, and incubated in a laboratory for 60 days under three treatments, soil without biochar amendment (CK) and soils amended with biochars pyrolyzed at 300 ℃ and 500 ℃ (B300 and B500), using rice as the raw material. Incubated soils were destructively sampled on days 0, 1, 7, 30 and 60, respectively. The soil microbial community structure was analyzed using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), whereas β?D-glucosidase, cellobiosidase, poly phenol oxidase, and laccase activities were analyzed by colorimetric methods, and soil pH was analyzed using a pH electrode.
The effects of biochars on soil microbial community structure were different during the incubation. On day 7, the relative abundance of bacteria increased by 5.87% and 11.8% （P = 0.016, F = 8.85, df = 8）, the ratio of gram-negative (G-) bacteria to gram-positive (G+) bacteria decreased by 7.47% and 21.4% (P = 0.093, F = 4.55, df = 8), and the relative abundance of actinomycetes decreased by 15.2% and 17.5% (P = 0.005, F = 14.00, df = 8) following the B300 and B500 treatments, respectively, than following the CK treatment. In contrast, the opposite effects were observed on soil microbial community structure on day 30, and the effects were greater following the B500 treatment than following the B300 treatment. However, neither of the biochars affected soil microbial community structure on day 60. On average, compared with those following the CK treatment, β?D?glucosidase and cellobiosidase activities increased by 21.2% (P = 0.031, F = 6.53, df = 8) and 34.7% (P = 0.011, F = 10.31, df = 8), respectively, following the B500 treatment, whereas phenol oxidase activity increased by 33.8% and 40.1% (P = 0.021, F = 7.80, df = 8) following B300 and B500 treatments, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated that soil pH was not the key factor influencing soil microbial community structure; in addition, enzyme activity and the change in soil enzyme activity did not primarily result from the change in microbial community structure.
Biochars pyrolyzed at 300 ℃ and 500 ℃ resulted in the shifted soil microbial community structure and influenced enzyme activities in the same direction, although the biochar pyrolyzed at 500 ℃ showed greater effects than that pyrolyzed at 300 ℃, which was probably due to the higher content of recalcitrant carbon contained in the biochar pyrolyzed at 500 ℃.
杨树人工林 / 生物质炭 / 制备温度 / 磷脂脂肪酸 / 土壤微生物 / 酶活性
poplar plantation / biochar / pyrolysis temperature / PLFAs / soil microbe / enzyme activity
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