<正>介绍了杨树遗传改良中常用的三种分子标记：ＲＦＬＰ、ＲＡＰＤ和ＡＦＬＰ，并回顾了分子标记在杨树遗传改良中的应用：构建无性系指纹图谱、构建遗传图谱、群体遗传变异和系统进化及分类、杂种鉴定、数量性状基因定位以及分子标记辅助选择育种等。

Three molecular markers:restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）， random amplified polymorphic （RAPD），amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） are used widely in Populus genetics and breeding studies This paper described basic concept， characteristics， principle，advantages and disadvantages of these markers and also discussed in detail their application and outlook on Populus such as: construct fingerprints， construct genetic linkagemap， genetic variation of population， phylogenetics， evolution and classification， hybrid identification， QTL identification and molecularassisted breeding