银杏叶用林定向培育技术体系的集成

曹福亮; 汪贵斌; 郁万文

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2014.06.028

银杏叶用林定向培育技术体系的集成

曹福亮,汪贵斌,郁万文

南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2014, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (06) : 146-152.

PDF(1588570 KB)

国家林草科技领军期刊
中国精品科技期刊
中国高校百佳科技期刊
江苏省新闻出版政府奖期刊奖
RCCSE林学权威期刊（A+）
CSCD核心期刊
Scopus数据库收录期刊
中文核心期刊
SCD核心期刊

作者加群：102861116

微信公众号：南京林业大学学报

高级检索

PDF(1588570 KB)

南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2014, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (06) : 146-152. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2014.06.028

综合述评

银杏叶用林定向培育技术体系的集成

曹福亮,汪贵斌,郁万文

作者信息 +

Oriented cultivation techniques for leaf-harvest plantation of Ginkgo biloba L.

CAO Fuliang, WANG Guibin, YU Wanwen

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

银杏叶中由于含有广泛的具药理活性的化学成分,已经成为药品、食品、化妆品和饮料等工业产品的重要原料,银杏叶用林的定向培育能够为以银杏叶为原料的各种加工业提供优质的原料。笔者在介绍银杏叶用园培育原理的基础上,依据银杏叶用林研究的相关材料,系统总结了银杏叶用林的定向培育关键技术,包括:①选择适宜的立地条件,选择排水良好、土层深厚肥沃、土壤pH为6.0～7.5的适生丰产区内的造林地; ②选择优良的品种,选用经过选育并获得新品种权或通过林木品种审定委员会审定的叶用优良品种; ③采用合理的密度,根据不同的立地及栽培条件,栽植密度控制在4万～7万株/hm²; ④采用截干萌芽矮化经营方式,4～5 a截干1次; ⑤施肥以有机肥为主,生长前期追N肥,后期增施K、P和微量元素肥料(Mg、Zn、Mo); ⑥生长前期采取措施促进生长(水分充足、温度和光照适宜),后期采取措施促进药用成分的合成和积累(适度干旱、低温和强光)。

Abstract

Leaves of ginkgo(Ginkgo bilaba L.)is an important material on the production of medicine, food, cosmetic and beverage, and oriented cultivation of ginkgo leaf-harvest plantation can supply high quality material for these industries. Based on cultivating mechanism and the results of research and practice, some key techniques for cultivating leaf-harvest ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba L.)plantation were summarized systematically. The results were as follows: ① Choosing good sites being suitable for ginkgo growing. ② Selecting appropriate ginkgo varieties or clones for various cultivation zones according to their leaf yield and medicinal content. ③ Adopting reasonable planting density producing more leaves and obtain higher medicinal content to meet the need of medicinal industry(suggested density was from 40 000 to 70 000 trees/hm² according to site condition). ④ Using coppicing management system(cutting strunk once every 4-5 a)to get higher leaf quality(higher medicinal content). ⑤ Organic fertilizer was advocated in leaf-harvesting plantation, and in the early stage of growing, N fertilizer is added to increase leaf yield, and in the late stage of growth, K, P and microelement fertilizer(Mg, Zn and Mo)are added to increased medicinal content. ⑥ Other steps would be taken to promote growth of ginkgo in the early stage of growth, such as enough soil moisture, appropriate temperature and light, and measures adopted to increase medicinal content of ginkgo leaves in the late stage of growth, such as appropriate drought, lower temperature and full light.

引用本文

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

导出引用

曹福亮,汪贵斌,郁万文. 银杏叶用林定向培育技术体系的集成[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）. 2014, 38(06): 146-152 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2014.06.028

CAO Fuliang, WANG Guibin, YU Wanwen. Oriented cultivation techniques for leaf-harvest plantation of Ginkgo biloba L.[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY. 2014, 38(06): 146-152 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2014.06.028

中图分类号： S725

参考文献

[1] Boralle N, Braquet P, Gottlieb O R. Ginkgo biloba: a review of its chemical composition[C]// Braquet P. Ginkgolides-Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology and Clinical Perspectives. Barcelona: J R Prous, 1988:9-25.
[2] De Feudis F V. Ginkgo biloba Extract(EGb 761): from Chemistry to the Clinic[M]. Wiesbaden: Ullstein Medical, 1998.
[3] Del Tredici P. The evolution, ecology, and cultivation of Ginkgo biloba[C]// van Beek TA. Ginkgo biloba. Harwood:Academic Publishers, 2000.
[4] Kimmins J P. Forest Ecology[M]. 曹福亮,编译. 北京:中国林业出版社, 2005.
[5] 曹福亮. 中国银杏[M]. 南京:江苏科学技术出版社, 2002.
[6] 孙视, 刘晚苟, 潘福生, 等. 生态条件对银杏叶黄酮积累的影响[J]. 植物资源与环境, 1998, 7(3):1-7 Sun S, Liu W G, Pan F S, et al. The effect of ecological conditions on flavonoid accumulation in Ginkgo biloba leaves [J]. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 1998, 7(3):1-7
[7] 汪海峰, 鞠兴荣, 何广斌, 等.不同海拔高度和生长季节对银杏叶中黄酮苷含量的影响[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2002, 22(4):47-50. Wang H F, Ju X R, He G B, et al.Effects of altitudes and seasons on the flavonoid content of Ginkgo biloba leaves [J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2002, 22(4):47-50.
[8] 何方, 王义强, 吕芳德.湖南银杏分布区土壤类型的研究[J].经济林研究, 1995, 13(3):1-12. He F, Wang Y Q, Lyu F D. Soil investigation in ginkgo distribution area of Hunan province [J].Economic Forest Researches, 1995, 13(3):1-12.
[9] 汪贵斌, 曹福亮, 方升佐, 等.银杏叶用园建园材料选择的研究[J].林业科学, 2000, 36(4):26-31. Wang G B, Cao F L, Fang S Z, et al.Study on materials selection for establishing orchard of utilizing Ginkgo biloba leaf [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 36(4):26-31.
[10] 陈学森, 张艳敏, 李健, 等.叶用银杏资源评价及选优的研究[J].园艺学报, 1997, 24(3): 215-219. Cheng X S, Zhang Y M,Li J, et al.The evaluation of leaf-utilization resources and cultivar selection in Ginkgo biloba [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 24(3): 215-219.
[11] 戴余军, 江德安.叶用银杏品种(无性系)配合选择研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2007, 35(28):8859-8860. Dai Y J, Jiang D A.Study on the combining selection for leaf used variety and clone of Ginkgo biloba L. [J].Journal of Anhui Agriculture Science, 2007, 35(28):8859-8860.
[12] 汪贵斌, 郭旭琴, 常丽, 等.温度和土壤水分对银杏叶黄酮类化合物积累的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2013, 24(11):3077-3083. Wang G B, Guo X Q, Chang L, et al.Effects of air temperature and soil moisture on flavonoids accumulation in Ginkgo biloba leaves [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(11): 3077-3083.
[13] 乔德奎,唐德瑞,何佳林,等.陕西主要叶用银杏生长特性指标与内酯相关性分析[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(3):49-53. Qiao D K, Tang D R, He G L, et al.Correlation analysis between growth indices and contents of ginkgolides in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba in Shaanxi [J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2009, 24(3):49-53.
[14] 欧阳绍湘, 杨柳, 陈春芳, 等.叶用银杏栽培密度及采叶方式的综合分析[J].经济林研究, 1999, 17(3):14-17. Ouyang S X, Yang L, Chen C X, et al. Synthesis analysis of cultivating density and leaf-harvesting method on Ginkgo biloba [J]. Economic Forest Researches, 1999, 17(3):14-17.
[15] 康志雄, 吕爱华, 金民赞, 等.密度与株形对叶用银杏产叶量的影响[J].福建林学院学报, 2000, 20(4):321-324. Kang Z X, Lyu A H, Jin M Z, et al.Effect of density and heading height on leaf-use Ginkgo biloba forest [J].Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2000, 20(4):321-324.
[16] 姜岳忠, 王开芳, 刘元铅, 等.叶用银杏园密度与定干高度效应分析[J].浙江林学院学报, 2004, 21(3):290-294. Jiang Y Z, Wang K F, Liu Y Q, et al.Effect of density and heading height on leaf-use Ginkgo biloba forest [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2004, 21(3):290-294.
[17] 耿养会.银杏叶用片林营造技术试验及效益分析[J].经济林研究, 2001, 19(1):48-49. Gen Y H.Technique for establishing leaf-oriented ginkgo plantations with reference to benefit analysis [J]. Economic Forest Researches, 2001, 19(1):48-49.
[18] Cao F L.Ecological Basis for Ginkgo Agroforestry Systems[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House, 2007.
[19] 钱大玮, 鞠建明, 朱玲英, 等.不同树龄银杏叶在不同季节中总黄酮和总内酯的含量变化[J].中草药, 2002, 33(11):1025-1027. Qian D W, Ju J M, Zhu L Y, et al.Study on changing rules for total flavonoids and total terpene lactones in Ginkgo biloba leaves at different ages of tree and collecting seasons [J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2002, 33(11):1025-1027.
[20] 曹福亮, 金继良, 汪贵斌, 等.截干萌芽在银杏叶用园培育中的应用机理[J].南京林业大学学报, 1999, 23(5):60-63. Cao F L, Jin J L, Wang G B, et al. A preliminary study on silvicultural practice of ginkgo plantation for leaf harvest [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 1999, 23(5):60-63.
[21] 樊卫国,杨宏敏,刘进平.施用奥普尔肥对银杏叶产量及黄酮等含量的影响[J].山地农业生物学报,2001,20(2):114-116. Fan G, Yang H M, Liu J P.Effect of applying OPAL fertilizer on the yield of gingko leaves and the contents of flavonoids, ginkgolids in gingko leaves [J].Journal of Mountain Agriculture and Biology, 2001, 20(2):114-116.
[22] 谢寅峰, 李群, 沈惠娟.稀土对银杏苗木叶内含物及其产量的效应[J].南京林业大学学报, 2000, 24(6):71-74. Xie Y F,Li Q, Shen H J. Effects of rare earth elements on some leaf inclusion and leaf yield in seedlings of Ginkgo biloba [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2000, 24(6):71-74.
[23] 吴家胜, 应叶青, 曹福亮, 等.施氮对银杏叶产量及黄酮含量的影响[J].浙江林学院学报, 2002, 19(4):372-375. Wu J S, Ying Y Q, Cao F L, et al. Effects of nitrogen application on leaf output and flavone content in ginkgo leaves [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2002, 19(4):372-375.
[24] 吴家胜, 应叶青, 曹福亮, 等.施磷对银杏叶产量及黄酮含量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报, 2003, 31(1):17-18. Wu J S, Ying Y Q, Cao F L, et al. The effects of phosphorus application on leave output and flavonoid content in leave of ginkgo [J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2003,31(1):17-18.
[25] 楼崇, 唐二春, 汪贵斌, 等.施肥对苗期银杏叶黄酮质量分数的影响[J].浙江林学院学报, 2006, 23(1):61-64. Lou C, Tang E C, Wang G B, et al. Effects of fertilization on flavonoid content of Ginkgo biloba leaf in seedling stage [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2006, 23(1):61-64.
[26] 乔玉山, 章镇, 房经贵, 等.氮、磷、钾对银杏叶黄酮含量与营养生长的效应[J].江苏林业科技, 2001, 28(6):8-11. Qiao Y S, Zhan Z, Fang J G, et al. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on leaf flavonoid content and vegetative growth of Ginkgo biloba L. [J]. Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science & Technology, 2001, 28(6):8-11.
[27] 郑军, 曹福亮, 郁万文.不同氮素形态及配比对生育后期银杏叶品质的影响[J].浙江林学院学报, 2007, 24(5):564-568. Zheng J, Cao F L, Yu W W.Leaf quality of Ginkgo biloba at the late growing stage with different NO^-₃-N and NH⁺₄-N combinations [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2007, 24(5):564-568.
[28] 郁万文, 曹福亮, 吴广亮.叶面配施镁锌钼对银杏苗叶生长和药用品质的影响[J].西北植物学报, 2012, 32(6):1214-1221. Yu W W, Cao F L, Wu G L.Leaf growth and medicinal quality of ginkgo seedling with spraying Mg, Zn, Mo fertilizers [J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2012, 32(6):1214-1221.
[29] 谢宝东, 王华田.光质和光照时间对银杏叶片黄酮、内酯含量的影响[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 2006, 30(2):51-54. Xie B D, Wang H T. Effects of light spectrum and photoperiod on contents of flavonoid and terpene in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. [J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition, 2006, 30(2):51-54.
[30] 冷平生, 苏淑钗, 王天华, 等.光强与光质对银杏光合作用及黄酮苷与萜类内酯含量的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报, 2002, 11(1):1-4. Leng P S, Su S C, Wang T H, et al. Effects of light intensity and light quality on photosynthesis, flavonol glycoside and terpene lactone contents of Ginkgo biloba L.seedlings [J]. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 2002, 11(1):1-4.
[31] 景茂, 曹福亮, 汪贵斌, 等.土壤水分含量对银杏生长及生物量分配的影响[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 2005, 29(3):5-8. Jing M, Cao F L, Wang G B, et al. The effects of soil water stress on growth and biomass allocation of Ginkgo biloba [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition, 2005, 29(3):5-8.
[32] 汪贵斌, 曹福亮, 郭起荣.淹水对银杏生长及生理的影响[J].江西农业大学学报, 1998, 20(2):237-241. Wang G B, Cao F L, Guo Q R. Effects of artificial flooding on growth and physiology of Ginkgo biloba [J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis, 2005, 29(3):5-8.
[33] 谢宝东, 王华田, 常立华, 等.土壤水分含量对银杏叶黄酮和内酯含量的影响[J].山东林业科技, 2002(4):1-3. Xie B D, Wang H T, Chang L H, et al. Study on the factors related to the communication of flavonoid and terpene in Ginkgo biloba leaves [J]. Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology, 2002(4):1-3.
[34] 程心旻, 雷海民, 刘伟.全球银杏叶制剂专利概况[J].中国中药杂志, 2013, 38(17):2889-2893. Cheng X M, Lei H M, Liu W. Global patent overview of Ginkgo biloba preparation [J].China Journal Chinese Material Medica, 2013, 38(17):2889-2893.
[35] 康西鹏.银杏叶的研究进展及应用[J].山西食品工业, 2001(1):17-18. Kan X P.Research progress and application on ginkgo leaves [J].Food Industry of Shanxi, 2001(1):17-18.
[36] Cao F L, Zhang X H, Yu W W, et al.Effect of feeding fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves on growth performance, meat quality, and lipid metabolism in broilers[J]. Poultry Science, 2012, 91:1210-1221.
[37] Zhang X H, Cao F L, Sun Z Y, et al. Effect of feeding Aspergillus niger-fermented Ginkgo biloba-leaves on growth, small intestinal structure and function of broiler chicks[J]. Livestock Science, 2012, 147:170-180.
[38] Zhang X H, Zhao L G, Cao F L, et al.Effects of feeding fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves on small intestinal morphology, absorption, and immunomodulation of early lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks[J].Poultry Science, 2013, 92:119-130.

基金

收稿日期:2014-04-02 修回日期:2014-07-01
基金项目:“十二五”国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD21B04); 国家林业公益性行业科研专项项目(20120460102); 国家自然科学基金项目(31070557)
第一作者:曹福亮,教授。E-mail: caofl@njfu.edu.cn。
引文格式:曹福亮,汪贵斌,郁万文. 银杏叶用林定向培育技术体系的集成[J]. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2014,38(6):146-152.