太平洋西北部地区天然林景观动态及破碎化驱动力分析

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202006001

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 174-182.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202006001

太平洋西北部地区天然林景观动态及破碎化驱动力分析

李鑫¹(), 翁卫松²^,^*(), 李明诗¹^,³

1.南京林业大学林学院,江苏南京 210037
2.浙江省森林资源监测中心,浙江杭州 310020
3.南京林业大学,南方现代林业协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037

收稿日期:2020-06-01 修回日期:2021-01-04 出版日期:2021-05-30 发布日期:2021-05-31
通讯作者: 翁卫松
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(31971577);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD)

Assessing natural forest fragmentation process dynamics and its drivers in the Pacific northwest region, USA

LI Xin¹(), WENG Weisong²^,^*(), LI Mingshi¹^,³

1. College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2. Zhejiang Provincial Center for Forest Resources Monitoring, Hangzhou 310020, China
3. Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

Received:2020-06-01 Revised:2021-01-04 Online:2021-05-30 Published:2021-05-31
Contact: WENG Weisong

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】准确量化森林破碎化程度以及破碎化过程,对于理解森林的生境变化导致的生态服务功能变化具有重要作用。本研究旨在量化美国西北部天然林破碎化空间过程,探究其社会经济驱动因素,为构建合理的森林经营方案提供参考,并为提高中国东北地区天然林的管理水平提供借鉴。【方法】利用美国国家土地覆盖3期数据(NLCD2008、2013及2016),先对太平洋西北部地区天然林进行景观格局分析,然后采用森林破碎化过程模型描述和量化了4种破碎化过程,据此刻画了研究区内天然林景观动态变化及破碎化的时空模式。结合社会经济统计资料,分析导致这些变化的社会经济驱动因素及其管理含义。【结果】①2008—2016年,天然林面积总体呈现出缓慢的上升趋势,森林损失面积持续低于森林恢复面积,森林斑块面积逐渐增大,而斑块数量逐渐减少,森林连接性逐渐提高。②森林破碎化现象广泛存在,且随着时间推移逐步得到改善,收缩和破碎化过程在森林破碎化成分中占主导地位,4种破碎化过程呈现出“破碎化—收缩—穿孔—消失”的前后关联。③社会经济因素是森林破碎化的重要预测因子, 表现形式为:人口增加、居民点建设、农业开垦种植和区域经济发展对森林资源的依赖等。【结论】近10年内太平洋西北部森林破碎化程度逐渐降低,受人为干扰影响较大,森林景观在研究阶段内未发生明显变化,既满足了木材工业发展的需要,又符合生态保护的要求。

关键词: 森林破碎化, 破碎化过程模型, 驱动力, 天然林管理

Abstract:

【Objective】 The accurate quantification of forest fragmentation severity and fragmentation processes plays an important role in understanding the dynamics of ecological service functions induced by habitat changes. This analysis quantified the spatial process of forest fragmentation in the Pacific northwest region, USA, and explored the socioeconomic driving forces contributing to the fragmentation process, thereby providing a reference for formulating a reasonable forest management plan in similar regions. It is of great significance to learn from the advanced philosophy of natural forest management as a reference with which to effectively improve the management of natural forests in northeastern China. 【Method】 Based on a triple-date national land cover database (NLCD), including NLCD2008, NLCD2013 and NLCD2016, with a spatial resolution of 30 m, forest landscape patterns were first analyzed using landscape indices, followed by a forest fragmentation process model to characterize four fragmentation processes of the deforested patches to reveal the dynamics of the natural forest fragmentation pattern. Next, the socioeconomic drivers responsible for the observed forest fragmentation dynamics and their management implications were examined. 【Result】 ① From 2008 to 2016, the overall natural forest area showed a slight increasing trend and the forest loss area continued to be lower than the forest recovery area. The mean patch area of forest gradually increased, whereas the number of patches gradually decreased, indicating that forests connectivity gradually improved. ② Forest fragmentation was widespread in the region and gradually decelerated over time; the subdivision and shrinkage components dominated the entire fragmentation processes, and an apparent successive sequence, subdivision-shrinkage-perforation-attrition, was clearly observed in the fragmentation process maps. ③ Forest fragmentation was primarily driven by local socioeconomic factors, particularly the dependency of population growth, residential construction, agricultural expansion and economic booms on forest resources. 【Conclusion】 In the past 10 years, the forest fragmentation level in the Pacific Northwest, which has been greatly affected by human disturbance, has been gradually reduced. Additionally, the forest landscape did not change substantially during the study period. Regional forests not only met the needs for timber industry development but also met the requirements of ecological conservation.

Key words: forest fragmentation, fragmentation processes model, driving force, management of natural forest

中图分类号:

S757

李鑫,翁卫松,李明诗. 太平洋西北部地区天然林景观动态及破碎化驱动力分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 45(3): 174-182.

LI Xin, WENG Weisong, LI Mingshi. Assessing natural forest fragmentation process dynamics and its drivers in the Pacific northwest region, USA[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 45(3): 174-182.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202006001.

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编码 code	原始土地覆盖类型 original land cover classification themes	重分类 reclassification
11	水体 open water	非森林
12	常年冰雪覆盖地 perennial ice	非森林
21	开放空地 developed, open space	非森林
22	低强度开发区 developed, low intensity	非森林
23	中强度开发区 developed, medium intensity	非森林
24	高强度开发区 developed, high intensity	非森林
31	荒地 barren land	非森林
41	落叶林 deciduous forest	森林
42	常绿林 evergreen forest	森林
43	混交林 mixed forest	森林
52	灌木 shrub	非森林
71	草地 grasslands	非森林
81	干草 hay	非森林
82	农田 cultivated crops	非森林
90	木本湿地 woody wetlands	森林
95	草本湿地 emergent herbaceous wetlands	非森林

年份 year	森林斑块数量 number of forest patches	斑块密度/ (个 ·hm^-2) patch density	平均斑块大小/ hm² mean patch size	聚集度指数/% aggregation index
2008	206 988	2.309	44.437	93.989
2013	201 461	2.217	46.016	94.042
2016	189 750	2.054	49.123	94.092

时间段 time interval	初期森林面积/hm² forest area at the start of the interval	末期森林面积/ hm² forest area at the end of the interval	总增长率/% total growth rate	森林损失面积/hm² area of forest loss	森林恢复面积/hm² area of forest recovery
2008—2013	9 006 835.68	9 069 911.73	0.70	393 393.15	456 469.2
2013—2016	9 069 911.73	9 243 556.74	1.91	274 513.14	448 158.15

森林破碎化过程 forest fragmentation process	斑块面积占比 patch area percentage		斑块数量占比 patch number percentage
森林破碎化过程 forest fragmentation process	2008— 2013	2013— 2016	2008— 2013	2013— 2016
消失attrition	0.83	0.81	7.42	6.02
穿孔 perforation	7.39	8.22	12.03	15.60
收缩 shrinkage	33.21	34.67	65.07	64.67
破碎化 subdivision	58.58	56.30	15.49	13.71

森林破碎化过程 forest fragmentation process	人口密度 population density	住房密度 housing unit density	人口年龄 medium age	农业用地 agricultural land	人均收入 per capita income	受教育程度^△ education level	平均海拔 average elevation	平均坡度 average slope
穿孔 perforation	-0.23	-0.27	0.16	0.47^**	-0.16	-0.25	0.29	0
消失 attrition	-0.13	0	0	0	-0.23	-0.42^*	0	0
收缩 shrinkage	-0.48^**	-0.37^*	0.35	-0.43^*	-0.48^**	-0.50^**	0.33	0.14
破碎化 subdivision	-0.57^**	-0.40^*	0.37	-0.58^**	-0.51^**	-0.67^**	0.30	0

太平洋西北部地区天然林景观动态及破碎化驱动力分析

Assessing natural forest fragmentation process dynamics and its drivers in the Pacific northwest region, USA

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