基于ULS、TLS和超声测高仪的天然次生林中不同林冠层树高估测

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202009021

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 23-32.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202009021

• 专题报道I (执行主编李凤日) • 上一篇下一篇

基于ULS、TLS和超声测高仪的天然次生林中不同林冠层树高估测

赵颖慧¹^,²(), 杨海城¹, 甄贞¹^,²^,^*()

1.东北林业大学林学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
2.东北林业大学森林生态系统可持续经营教育部重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040

收稿日期:2020-09-09 接受日期:2020-11-02 出版日期:2021-07-30 发布日期:2021-07-30
通讯作者: 甄贞
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(31870530);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2572019CP15)

Tree height estimations for different forest canopies in natural secondary forests based on ULS, TLS and ultrasonic altimeter systems

ZHAO Yinghui¹^,²(), YANG Haicheng¹, ZHEN Zhen¹^,²^,^*()

1. School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
2. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Received:2020-09-09 Accepted:2020-11-02 Online:2021-07-30 Published:2021-07-30
Contact: ZHEN Zhen

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】应用不同数据源分析不同林冠层中探测提取树高的异同,探索适用于中国北方天然次生林树高估测的方法。【方法】以东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场中林施业区0.25 hm²样地为研究区域,基于无人机激光雷达(unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning, ULS)、地基激光雷达(terrestrial laser scanning,TLS)和Vertex IV超声测高仪实测单木树高,根据冠层高度分布(canopy height distribution, CHD)对林冠层进行分层,对不同林冠层(上层和下层)、不同树木类型(针叶树和阔叶树)探测提取的树高进行对比与分析。【结果】由CHD计算得到的冠层分层阈值为8.5 m。树高的离群值大多产生在林冠上层,阔叶树比针叶树更容易产生离群值,ULS比TLS更容易产生离群值。在林冠上层,ULS比TLS估测树高的相对均方根误差(rRMSE)低2.56%,ULS提取针叶树树高的rRMSE比阔叶树低2.68%;在林冠下层,ULS仅能探测到少量树木,ULS比TLS探测提取树高的 rRMSE高6.31%,TLS提取针叶树树高的rRMSE比阔叶树低1.16%。【结论】针叶树的树高估测精度普遍高于阔叶树;当TLS和ULS均能对单木进行完全扫描时,具有准确提取树高的潜力;树高离群值多由冠型不规则或相互交叉的阔叶树产生,而大部分针叶树,由于具有规则的冠型,所以产生的离群值较少;基于CHD对林冠层进行划分能够较好地反映不同数据源估测树高的适用范围,具有一定的推广意义。

关键词: 无人机激光雷达, 地基激光雷达, 超声测高仪, 树高, 森林冠层, 天然次生林

Abstract:

【Objective】 A comparison of tree heights, estimated from different data sources for different forest canopies, was performed in natural secondary forests of Northern China to identify the optimal data source for different forest canopy layers. 【Method】 The study area, with a plot of 0.25 hm², was located in the Maoershan Forest Farm of the Northeast Forestry University. We conducted a performance comparison of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (ULS), and the Vertex IV ultrasonic instrument system in the estimation of individual tree heights. The forest canopy was stratified according to the canopy height distribution (CHD), and individual tree heights of different tree types (coniferous and broadleaved) were estimated and compared according to different canopy layers (overstory and understory). 【Result】 The threshold of canopy stratification calculated by CHD was 8.5 m. We also found that the outliers of tree heights mostly occurred in the overstory canopy, deciduous trees were more prone to outliers than coniferous trees, and ULS was more prone to outliers than TLS. Stratification of the forest canopy based on CHD can reflect the scope of tree height estimation using different data sources. In the overstory, the relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of tree height estimated by ULS was 2.56% lower than that estimated by TLS, while the rRMSE of coni-ferous tree height estimated by ULS was 2.68% lower than that of deciduous trees. ULS can only detect a small number of trees and had a higher rRMSE of 6.31% compared to TLS. Furthermore, the rRMSE of coniferous tree height estimated by TLS was 1.16% lower than that of deciduous trees. 【Conclusion】 For different canopy layers, the accuracy of conife-rous tree height was generally higher than that of deci-duous tree height. When both TLS and ULS can scan a single tree completely, both have the potential to accurately obtain the tree height. Most outliers of tree height were caused by deci-duous trees that had irregular or intertwined crowns. Most coniferous trees had few outliers in tree height due to their regular crown shapes. It is important to note that the stratification of the forest canopy based on CHD could reflect the scope of the applications of different data sources on the tree height estimation.

Key words: unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning(ULS), terrestrial laser scanning(TLS), ultrasonic instrument systems, tree height, forest canopy, natural secondary forests

中图分类号:

S758

赵颖慧,杨海城,甄贞. 基于ULS、TLS和超声测高仪的天然次生林中不同林冠层树高估测[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 45(4): 23-32.

ZHAO Yinghui, YANG Haicheng, ZHEN Zhen. Tree height estimations for different forest canopies in natural secondary forests based on ULS, TLS and ultrasonic altimeter systems[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 45(4): 23-32.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202009021.

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树木类型 tree types	株数 number of trees	统计特征 statistic feature	胸径/ cm DBH	树高/m tree height	冠幅/m crown width
针叶树 coniferous trees	144	最大值	25.90	15.40	5.87
		最小值	5.60	5.40	1.80
		平均值	14.13	10.71	3.42
		标准差	5.14	2.48	0.96
阔叶树 broadleaved trees	215	最大值	42.01	21.30	11.19
		最小值	5.00	4.90	1.25
		平均值	11.04	10.10	4.35
		标准差	6.19	3.03	1.71
合计 total	359	最大值	42.01	21.30	11.19
		最小值	5.00	4.90	1.25
		平均值	12.28	10.70	3.98
		标准差	5.98	3.02	1.52

3种数据源 three data sources	林冠上层 overstory canopy		林冠下层 understory canopy
3种数据源 three data sources	针叶树 coniferous trees	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	针叶树 coniferous trees	阔叶树 broadleaved trees
基于ULS数据的离群值 outliers based on ULS data	7	13	4	6
基于TLS数据的离群值 outliers based on TLS data	1	8	1	1
ULS和TLS离群值交集 intersection of outliers using ULS and TLS	-	3	-	-

冠层 canopy	树木类型 tree types	株数 number of trees	σ(RMSE)/ m	σ(rRMSE)/ %	σ(Bias)/ m	σ(rBias)/ %	R
林冠上层 the overstory canopy	针叶树 coniferous trees	96	0.41	3.44	-0.07	-0.57	0.97
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	134	0.77	6.12	-0.34	-2.73	0.97
	合计 total	230	0.64	5.19	-0.22	-1.78	0.97
林冠下层 the understory canopy	针叶树 coniferous trees	1	-	-	-	-	-
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	14	0.80	10.14	0.47	6.04	0.90
	合计 total	15	0.80	10.14	0.47	6.04	0.90
总计 total	针叶树 coniferous trees	97	0.41	3.44	-0.07	-0.57	0.97
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	148	0.77	6.23	-0.31	-2.45	0.98
	合计 total	245	0.63	5.34	-0.20	-1.66	0.97

冠层 canopy	树木类型 tree types	株数 number of trees	σ(RMSE)/ m	σ(rRMSE)/ %	σ(Bias)/ m	σ(rBias)/ %	R
林冠上层 the overstory canopy	针叶树 coniferous trees	101	0.67	5.71	-0.37	-3.23	0.96
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	126	1.02	8.40	-0.57	-4.70	0.97
	合计 total	227	1.02	7.75	-0.85	-6.50	0.95
林冠下层 the understory canopy	针叶树 coniferous trees	28	0.23	3.21	0.14	2.00	0.97
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	25	0.33	4.37	0.16	2.22	0.93
	合计 total	53	0.28	3.83	0.16	2.18	0.96
总计 total	针叶树 coniferous trees	129	0.60	5.62	-0.27	-2.51	0.98
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	151	0.95	8.30	-0.47	-4.07	0.98
	合计 total	280	0.81	7.26	-0.37	-3.36	0.98

冠层 canopy	树木类型 tree types	株数 number of trees	σ(RMSE)/m	σ(rRMSE)/%	σ(Bias)/m	σ(rBias)/%	R
林冠上层 the overstory canopy	针叶树 coniferous trees	83	0.67	5.68	-0.44	-3.73	0.93
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	98	0.71	5.82	-0.42	-3.50	0.96
	合计 total	181	0.70	5.76	-0.44	-3.60	0.95
林冠下层 the understory canopy	针叶树 coniferous trees	1	-	-	-	-	-
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	9	0.61	7.44	0.05	0.69	0.97
	合计 total	10	0.61	7.44	0.05	0.69	0.97
总计 total	针叶树 coniferous trees	84	0.67	5.68	-0.44	-3.73	0.93
	阔叶树 broadleaved trees	107	0.71	5.86	-0.41	-3.41	0.96
	合计 total	191	0.70	5.78	-0.43	-3.56	0.95

基于ULS、TLS和超声测高仪的天然次生林中不同林冠层树高估测

Tree height estimations for different forest canopies in natural secondary forests based on ULS, TLS and ultrasonic altimeter systems

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