江苏南部沿海越冬水鸟群落结构及多样性分析

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202004058

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 178-184.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202004058

江苏南部沿海越冬水鸟群落结构及多样性分析

王玄¹^,²(), 崔鹏³, 丁晶晶¹^,²^,^*(), 常青⁴

1. 江苏省林业科学研究院,江苏南京 211153
2. 江苏盐城滨海湿地国家定位观测研究站,江苏盐城 224000
3. 生态环境部南京环境科学研究所,江苏南京 210042
4. 南京师范大学生命科学学院,江苏南京 210023

收稿日期:2020-04-28 接受日期:2021-02-24 出版日期:2021-09-30 发布日期:2021-09-30
基金资助:
江苏省林业科学研究院自主科研项目(BM2018022);生态环境部生物多样性调查、观测和评估项目(2019-2023)

Community structure and diversity of overwintering waterfowls in south coast of Jiangsu Province

WANG Xuan¹^,²(), CUI Peng³, DING Jingjing¹^,²^,^*(), CHANG Qing⁴

1. Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 211153, China
2. Yancheng Wetland Ecosystem Research Station of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng 224000, China
3. Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
4. College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China

Received:2020-04-28 Accepted:2021-02-24 Online:2021-09-30 Published:2021-09-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 江苏南部沿海不仅是鸟类迁徙路线上鸻鹬类重要的停歇地,还是众多雁鸭类等水鸟重要的越冬地。对江苏南部沿海越冬鸟类的种群动态及其生境利用状况进行调查,为越冬鸟类及其越冬地的生境管理提供参考。【方法】 采用样点法结合样线法对江苏南部包括东台条子泥、如东小洋口、通州湾、吕四港、启东黄金海滩的沿海滩涂、河口、围湖、高潮栖息地等区域进行调查,依据调查区域内水鸟栖息地分布及活动特点,对越冬水鸟群落结构和各调查区域越冬水鸟的多样性进行分析。【结果】 共记录江苏南部沿海越冬水鸟41种35 353只鸟类个体,隶属于6目10科;雁形目占总个体数的52.50%,鸻形目占总个体数的33.02%;人工鱼塘和泥质滩涂生境内越冬水鸟个体数均超过1万只,高于米草滩涂、滩涂围湖和芦苇塘等生境;从物种数来看,江苏南部沿海越冬的雁鸭类物种数高于越冬的鸻鹬类;在多样性指数上,东台条子泥越冬的水鸟物种多样性最高,其次为吕四港、黄金海滩、小洋口、通州湾。【结论】 在自然湿地退化的背景下,人工湿地作为鸟类越冬的替代生境,起到了越来越重要的作用,合理调控的人工生境为越冬水鸟提供了栖息地;互花米草的入侵对江苏南部越冬水鸟产生了复杂的生态影响,芦苇群落生境破碎化以及侵占泥质滩涂等都将使雁鸭类和鸻鹬类赖以生存的栖息地不断减少,互花米草的快速扩增,对沿海鸟类群落数量及分布的负面影响逐渐显现。

关键词: 沿海湿地, 水鸟, 群落结构, 越冬, 栖息生境

Abstract:

【Objective】 The south coast of Jiangsu Province is not only an important stopover site for waders on the migration way, but also a crucial overwintering sites for many waterfowls birds such as geese and ducks. Recently, the intensive coastal engineering at south coast of Jiangsu Province put a serious influence on biodiversity conservation. 【Method】 The study was conducted from middle to late January 2019. Based on the distribution and activity characteristics of waterfowl habitats in the survey area, the sample point method combined with the sample line method was used to investigate areas along beaches, estuaries, lakes and high tide habitats. The vital areas investigated comprised Tiaozini, Xiaoyangkou, Tongzhou Bay, Lyusi Harbor and Gold Beach. The community structure and diversity of overwintering waterfowls were analyzed. 【Result】 A total of 41 species 35 353 individual of waterfowls were recorded, which belonged to 6 Orders and 10 families. Anseriformes accounted for the largest number of species, accounting for 52.50% of the total number, followed by plovers, accounting for 33.02%. The results showed that Xiaoyangkou and Tiaozini areas were the research focus because of the high number of species and individuals of overwintering waterfowls. In terms of habitat, the number of overwintering waterfowls in artificial fish ponds and tidal mudflats was more than 10 000, which was higher than that in Spartina alterniflora flat, marine reclamation land and reed ponds. In terms of species number, the number of anseriformes in the south coast of Jiangsu Province was higher than that of waders overwintering; in terms of diversity index, Tiaozini had the highest number of waterfowls overwintering, followed by Lyusi Harbor, Gold Beach, Xiaoyangkou, Tongzhou Bay. 【Conclusion】 With continuous loss and degradation of natural wetlands, artificial wetland, as an alternative habitat, plays an increasingly important role for waterfowls to overwinter. Compared to natural wetlands, reasonably managed artificial habitats provide a better choice for overwintering waterfowls. The invasion of Spartina alterniflora has a complex ecological impact on overwintering waterfowls. The fragmentation of reed community and the encroachment of mud flat will reduce the habitat for waterfowls. The rapid expansion of Spartina alterniflora has gradually negatively affected the number and distribution of coastal bird communities.

Key words: coastal wetland, waterfowls, community structure, overwintering, habitat

中图分类号:

Q958.5
S718

王玄,崔鹏,丁晶晶,等. 江苏南部沿海越冬水鸟群落结构及多样性分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 45(5): 178-184.

WANG Xuan, CUI Peng, DING Jingjing, CHANG Qing. Community structure and diversity of overwintering waterfowls in south coast of Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 45(5): 178-184.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202004058.

图/表 5

表1

表2

江苏南部沿海越冬水鸟名录"

目科 Order and family	种 species	数量等级 level of number	保护等级 protection level	目科 Order and family	种 species	数量等级 level of number	保护等级 protection level
雁形目Anseriformes				科Podicipedidae	凤头Podi.png,BP#〗+ +	Δ
鸭科Anatidae	斑嘴鸭Anas zonorhyncha	+ + +			小Tachybaptus ruficollis	+ +
	绿头鸭A. platyrhynchos	+ +	Δ		角Podi.png,BP#〗+	Δ Ⅱ
	针尾鸭A. acuta	+	Δ		黑颈P. nigricollis	±	Δ Ⅱ
	绿翅鸭A. crecca	+	Δ	鹈形目Pelecaniformes
	琵嘴鸭Spatula clypeata	+ +	Δ■	鹭科Ardeidae	白鹭Egretta garzetta	+ +
	罗纹鸭Mareca falcata	+ +	ΔNT		苍鹭Ardea cinerea	+
	赤颈鸭M. penelope	+ +	Δ		中白鹭A. intermedia	+	Δ
	赤膀鸭M. strepera	+	Δ	鸻形目Charadriiformes
	翘鼻麻鸭Tadorna tadorna	+	Δ	反嘴鹬科Recurvirostridae	反嘴鹬Recurvirostra avosetta	+ +	Δ
	普通秋沙鸭Mergus merganser	+	Δ		黑翅长脚鹬Himantopus himantopus	±	Δ
	斑头秋沙鸭Mergellus albellus	±	Δ Ⅱ	鸻科Charadriidae	环颈鸻Charadrius alexandrinus	+ +
	红头潜鸭Aythya ferina	+ + +	Δ VU		灰斑鸻Pluvialis squatarola	+	Δ■
	凤头潜鸭A. fuligula	+ +	Δ		凤头麦鸡Vanellus vanellus	±	Δ
	斑背潜鸭A. marila	+	Δ	蛎鹬科Haematopodidae	蛎鹬Haematopus ostralegus	+ +	Δ NT
	帆背潜鸭A. valisineria	±		鸥科Laridae	红嘴鸥Chroicocephalus ridibundus	+ +	Δ
	黑天鹅Cygnus atratus	±			普通燕鸥Sterna hirundo	+ +	Δ■
	灰雁Anser anser	±			灰背鸥Larus schistisagus	+ +	Δ
鹤形目Gruiformes					黑尾鸥L. crassirostris	+
秧鸡科Rallidae	白骨顶Fulica atra	+ +			黑嘴鸥Saundersilarus saundersi	+	VU Ⅰ
鲣鸟目Suliformes				鹬科Scolopacidae	白腰杓鹬Numenius arquata	+ + +	Δ■ NT Ⅱ
鸬鹚科Phalacrocoracidae	普通鸬鹚Phalacrocorax carbo	+			中杓鹬N. phaeopus	±	Δ■
目Podicipediformes					黑腹滨鹬Calidris alpina	+ +	Δ■
					红颈滨鹬C. ruficollis	+	Δ■

表2

表3

表4

表5

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目 Order	科数 families number	种数 species number	种数占比/% species number percentage	个体数 individual number	个体数占比/% individual number percentage
雁形目Anseriformes	1	17	41.46	18 562	52.50
鸻形目Charadriiformes	5	15	36.59	11 674	33.02
目Podicipediformes	1	4	9.76	1 017	2.88
鹈形目Pelecaniformes	1	3	7.32	793	2.24
鹤形目Gruiformes	1	1	2.44	2 962	8.38
鲣鸟目Suliformes	1	1	2.44	345	0.98

地点 site	种数 species number	个体数 individual number	多样性指数(H') diversity index	均匀度指数(E) evenness index	优势度指数(D) dominance index
黄金海滩 Gold Beach	22	5 227	2.29	0.74	0.25
吕四港 Lyusi Harbor	25	5 045	2.46	0.76	0.61
通州湾 Tongzhou Bay	20	4 161	1.70	0.57	0.83
小洋口 Xiaoyangkou	20	7 193	1.78	0.60	0.64
条子泥 Tiaozini	28	13 727	2.68	0.80	0.26

生境 habitat	种数 species number	个体数 individual number	H'	E	D
芦苇塘 reed pond	22	6 492	1.90	0.60	0.75
米草滩涂 spartina flat	2	53	0.09	0.14	0.98
泥质滩涂 mud flat	24	10 985	2.31	0.73	0.61
滩涂围湖 lake	12	4 342	1.92	0.73	0.71
人工鱼塘 fish pond	29	13 481	2.46	0.93	0.68

生境 habitat	鸻鹬类charadriiformes		雁鸭类anseriformes
生境 habitat	种数 species number	个体数 individual number	种数 species number	个体数 individual number
芦苇塘 reed pond	0	0	13	5 091
米草滩 spartina flat	0	0	0	0
泥质滩涂 mud flat	10	8 978	9	1 457
滩涂围湖 lake	0	0	10	3 672
人工鱼塘 fish pond	6	2 498	14	8 341

江苏南部沿海越冬水鸟群落结构及多样性分析

Community structure and diversity of overwintering waterfowls in south coast of Jiangsu Province

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