抗生素在人类医疗和畜禽水产养殖中发挥了重要作用,但由于其大量使用带来的环境残留和生态风险也引起了广泛关注。笔者分析总结了近10年我国地表水、土壤和动植物体内等环境介质中的抗生素污染特征发现:① 地表水和沉积物中不同程度地检出了磺胺类(SAs)、喹诺酮类(QNs)、大环内酯类(MLs)和四环素类(TCs)抗生素,其中海河、辽河和珠江的抗生素污染较为严重;② 耕地土壤也受到不同程度的抗生素污染,主要污染因子为QNs和TCs,北方和珠江三角洲区域的耕地土壤中抗生素污染较为严重;③ 鱼类和蔬菜植物中也检出了抗生素残留,主要的污染物为QNs。笔者认为,在今后的研究中,应进一步加强对水体沉积物、畜禽粪便、土壤和蔬菜中抗生素的污染特征的监控,特别是要深入研究抗生素在水-沉积物体系、畜禽粪便-土壤体系、土壤-植物体系中的迁移转化,以期准确了解抗生素的环境行为,为其生态风险评估提供依据。

Antibiotics play an important role in human health care and livestock and aquaculture production, however, the environmental occurrence and ecological risks caused by the widespread use of antibiotics have also attracted wide attention. This paper analyzes and summarizes the research progress on the pollution characteristics of antibiotics in surface water, soil, animals and plants in China during the last 10 years. We founded that: ① sulfonamides (SAs), quinolones (QNs), macrolides (MLs) and tetracyclines (TCs) were detected in varying degrees in surface water and sediment, and the antibiotics pollution in Hai River, Liao River and Pearl River were relatively severe; ② The agricultural soil was contaminated by antibiotics with varying degrees, and the primary contaminant factor were QNs and TCs, the antibiotics pollution in the agricultural soil in North China and Pearl River Delta was serious. ③ The antibiotic residuals were also detected in fishes and vegetables, and the primary pollutant was QNs. In the future, the monitoring of antibiotics pollution in sediment, faces of livestock and poultry, soil and vegetables should be further enhanced, especially the migration and transformation of antibiotics in water-sediment system, faces-soil system and soil-plant system should be thoroughly studied, to accurately understand the environment behavior of antibiotics and to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of ecological risk of antibiotics.