南京林业大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 65-71.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202101021
贾婷(), 宋武云, 关新贤, 魏智文, 陈涵, 易敏, 熊启慧, 张露*(
)
收稿日期:
2021-01-18
接受日期:
2021-06-20
出版日期:
2021-11-30
发布日期:
2021-12-02
通讯作者:
张露
基金资助:
JIA Ting(), SONG Wuyun, GUAN Xinxian, WEI Zhiwen, CHEN Han, YI Min, XIONG Qihui, ZHANG Lu*(
)
Received:
2021-01-18
Accepted:
2021-06-20
Online:
2021-11-30
Published:
2021-12-02
Contact:
ZHANG Lu
摘要: 目的 揭示湿地松人工林针叶功能性状间的关系,探讨针叶功能性状对磷添加的响应及对环境养分的适应策略。方法 以12年生湿地松人工林为研究对象,设置3个磷元素梯度(P1为25 kg/hm2, P2为50 kg/hm2, P3为100 kg/hm2)和不施磷为对照(CK)共4个处理,分析不同处理下叶长、叶面积和比叶面积等9个形态指标与针叶全氮、全磷和有机碳等养分含量的变化,探讨针叶形态指标与养分含量的相关性。结果①各处理下湿地松针叶各功能性状的变异系数为6.62%~19.77%,其中叶鞘长和比叶面积的变异系数大,均高于19%,有机碳含量变异系数最小,仅为6.61%。②与CK相比,随着施磷浓度的增加,除针叶干物质含量显著降低外(P<0.05),针叶叶面积、比叶面积及养分含量等指标均上升。③湿地松针叶的叶面积和比叶面积与全钾和全磷间存在显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数达0.597以上,而针叶干物质含量与全磷、全钾和有机碳含量间表现出显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为-0.840、-0.639和-0.530。结论①湿地松针叶功能性状均属较弱变异,在特定环境中湿地松针叶功能性状具有较强的内稳性;②磷添加可以影响湿地松针叶的形态特征和养分储量,高浓度磷添加(P3)的效果最明显。③湿地松针叶形态建成与其养分含量相关,养分含量高促进针叶生长代谢、叶面积增加,同时加快干物质含量向其他器官转运,使针叶干物质含量减少。
中图分类号:
贾婷,宋武云,关新贤,等. 湿地松针叶功能性状及其对磷添加的响应[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 45(6): 65-71.
JIA Ting, SONG Wuyun, GUAN Xinxian, WEI Zhiwen, CHEN Han, YI Min, XIONG Qihui, ZHANG Lu. Responses of needle functional traits of Pinus elliottii to phosphorus addition[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 45(6): 65-71.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202101021.
表2
湿地松针叶功能性状的方差分析"
针叶功能性状 leaf functional traits | CK | P1 | P2 | P3 | 组间变异 系数/%CV | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | F | P | F | P | ||||||||||
叶长LL | 0.922 | 0.507 | 0.384 | 0.771 | 0.740 | 0.581 | 3.554 | 0.126 | 7.33 | ||||||||
叶宽DL | 4.794 | 0.082 | 0.730 | 0.586 | 3.186 | 0.146 | 0.472 | 0.718 | 6.62 | ||||||||
叶厚TL | 0.184 | 0.902 | 0.385 | 0.770 | 0.558 | 0.670 | 3.285 | 0.140 | 12.19 | ||||||||
单面弧面面积SCS | 3.977 | 0.108 | 0.623 | 0.637 | 3.169 | 0.147 | 0.639 | 0.628 | 12.83 | ||||||||
叶面积LA | 3.980 | 0.108 | 0.629 | 0.633 | 3.204 | 0.145 | 0.644 | 0.626 | 12.75 | ||||||||
叶鞘长FSL | 0.110 | 0.950 | 0.612 | 0.642 | 1.583 | 0.326 | 0.252 | 0.857 | 19.77 | ||||||||
束粗FW | 1.015 | 0.474 | 0.179 | 0.906 | 0.501 | 0.702 | 1.524 | 0.338 | 14.35 | ||||||||
叶干物质含量LDM | 0.431 | 0.742 | 2.889 | 0.166 | 3.030 | 0.156 | 6.844 | 0.047 | 17.66 | ||||||||
比叶面积SLA | 5.203 | 0.072 | 0.830 | 0.543 | 0.585 | 0.656 | 1.159 | 0.429 | 19.25 | ||||||||
相对含水率RMC | 3.257 | 0.142 | 0.156 | 0.920 | 1.517 | 0.339 | 9.000 | 0.030 | 8.90 | ||||||||
全氮含量TN content | 2.446 | 0.204 | 17.344 | 0.009 | 3.359 | 0.136 | 5.322 | 0.070 | 18.39 | ||||||||
全磷含量TP content | 2.408 | 0.208 | 13.817 | 0.014 | 4.345 | 0.095 | 2.582 | 0.191 | 11.38 | ||||||||
全钾含量TK content | 0.913 | 0.510 | 1.083 | 0.452 | 0.356 | 0.789 | 4.756 | 0.083 | 13.78 | ||||||||
有机碳含量TOC content | 0.884 | 0.521 | 0.773 | 0.567 | 1.124 | 0.439 | 0.605 | 0.646 | 6.61 |
表3
湿地松针叶功能性状相关性分析"
性状 trait | 形态指标function characters | 养分含量nutrient content | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | DL | TL | LA | FSL | FW | LDM | SLA | RMC | TN | TP | TK | TOC | |
LL | 1 | 0.683** | 0.220 | 0.921** | -0.013 | 0.196 | -0.894** | 0.841** | 0.496** | 0.291 | 0.860** | 0.615** | 0.427* |
DL | 1 | 0.266 | 0.912** | -0.180 | 0.373* | -0.702** | 0.833** | 0.428* | 0.005 | 0.613** | 0.471** | 0.426* | |
TL | 1 | 0.259 | -0.398* | 0.512** | -0.128 | 0.207 | -0.006 | -0.129 | 0.324 | 0.163 | 0.260 | ||
LA | 1 | -0.101 | 0.311 | -0.873** | 0.914** | 0.511** | 0.175 | 0.860** | 0.597** | 0.471** | |||
FSL | 1 | -0.481** | 0.054 | -0.085 | 0.105 | 0.612** | -0.007 | -0.242 | -0.457** | ||||
FW | 1 | -0.248 | 0.183 | 0.034 | -0.067 | 0.209 | 0.074 | 0.387* | |||||
LDM | 1 | -0.829** | -0.538** | -0.246 | -0.840** | -0.639** | -0.530** | ||||||
SLA | 1 | 0.608** | 0.119 | 0.778** | 0.633** | 0.428* | |||||||
RMC | 1 | 0.222 | 0.497** | 0.439* | 0.265 | ||||||||
TN含量 | 1 | 0.420* | 0.197 | -0.142 | |||||||||
TP含量 | 1 | 0.647** | 0.522** | ||||||||||
TK含量 | 1 | 0.399* | |||||||||||
TOC含量 | 1 |
[1] |
孟婷婷, 倪健, 王国宏. 植物功能性状与环境和生态系统功能[J]. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(1):150-165.
doi: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0019 |
MENG T T, NI J, WANG G H. Plant functional traits,environments and ecosystem functioning[J]. J Plant Ecol, 2007, 31(1):150-165. | |
[2] |
VIOLLE C, NAVAS M L, VILE D, et al. Let the concept of trait be functional![J]. Oikos, 2007, 116(5):882-892.DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x.
doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x |
[3] | 郭雯, 徐瑞晶, 漆良华, 等. 竹类植物光合特性与叶片功能性状研究[J]. 世界林业研究, 2018, 31(4):29-35. |
GUO W, XU R J, QI L H, et al. Research progress of photosynthetic characteristics and leaf functional traits of bamboo plants[J]. World For Res, 2018, 31(4):29-35.DOI: 10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2018.0036.y.
doi: 10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2018.0036.y |
|
[4] | 陈蕾, 李超伦. 海洋浮游生物的生态化学计量学研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(10):3047-3055. |
CHEN L, LI C L. Research advances in ecological stoichiometry of marine plankton[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2014, 25(10):3047-3055.DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.20140801.005.
doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.20140801.005 |
|
[5] | 刘婧敏. 采用因子分析探究植物在形态组织结构水平上对高原环境的适应性[D]. 天津:南开大学, 2015. |
LIU J M. Factor analysis was used to explore the adaptability of plants to the plateau environment at the level of morphological and tissue structure[D]. Tianjin:Nankai University, 2015. | |
[6] | 李芳兰, 包维楷. 植物叶片形态解剖结构对环境变化的响应与适应[J]. 植物学通报, 2005, 40(S1):118-127. |
LI F L, BAO W K. Responses of the morphological and anatomical structure of the plant leaf to environmental change[J]. Chin Bull Bot, 2005, 40(S1):118-127. | |
[7] | 贾晓玥. 番茄连作设施土壤中微量元素的变化及其对番茄产量和品质的影响[D]. 沈阳:沈阳农业大学, 2020. |
JIA X Y. Changes of trace elements in the soil of tomato continuous cropping facilities and their effects on tomato yield and quality[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University, 2020. | |
[8] | 赵瑜琦, 高苗琴, 李涛, 等. 干旱胁迫对群众杨光合特性与器官干物质分配的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2020, 40(5):1683-1689. |
ZHAO Y Q, GAO M Q, LI T, et al. Effects of water stress on leaf gas exchange and biomass allocation of Populus × popularis ‘ 35-44’ cuttings[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2020, 40(5):1683-1689.DOI: 10.5846/stxb201901270203.
doi: 10.5846/stxb201901270203 |
|
[9] | 何斌, 李青, 冯图, 等. 不同林龄马尾松人工林针叶功能性状及其与土壤养分的关系[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 44(2):181-190. |
HE B, LI Q, FENG T, et al. Variation in leaf functional traits of different-aged Pinus massoniana communities and relationships with soil nutrients[J]. J Nanjing For Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2020, 44(2):181-190.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201904038.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201904038 |
|
[10] | 祁丽霞. 戴云山黄山松—马尾松叶性状对海拔梯度的响应研究[D]. 福州:福建农林大学, 2015. |
QI L X. The response of Huangshan pine traits to altitude gradient[D]. Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2015. | |
[11] |
ORDOÑEZ J C, VAN BODEGOM P M, WITTE J P M, et al. A global study of relationships between leaf traits,climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility[J]. Glob Ecol Biogeogr, 2009, 18(2):137-149.DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00441.x.
doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00441.x |
[12] |
ARANGO-VELEZ A, EL KAYAL W, COPELAND C C J, et al. Differences in defence responses of Pinus contorta and Pinus banksiana to the mountain pine beetle fungal associate Grosmannia clavigera are affected by water deficit[J]. Plant Cell Environ, 2016, 39(4):726-744.DOI: 10.1111/pce.12615.
doi: 10.1111/pce.12615 |
[13] |
BONSER S P, LADD B, MONRO K, et al. The adaptive value of functional and life-history traits across fertility treatments in an annual plant[J]. Ann Bot, 2010, 106(6):979-988.DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq195.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcq195 |
[14] | 田大伦, 项文化, 闫文德. 马尾松与湿地松人工林生物量动态及养分循环特征[J]. 生态学报, 2004, 24(10):2207-2210. |
TIAN D L, XIANG W H, YAN W D. Comparison of biomass dynamic and nutrient cycling between Pinus massomiana plantation and Pinus ellottii plantation[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2004, 24(10):2207-2210.DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.10.017.
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.10.017 |
|
[15] | 易敏, 张露, 雷蕾, 等. 湿地松转录组SSR分析及EST-SSR标记开发[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 44(2):75-83. |
YI M, ZHANG L, LEI L, et al. Analysis of SSR information in transcriptome and development of EST-SSR molecular markers in Pinus elliottii Eegelm[J]. J Nanjing For Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2020, 44(2):75-83. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201907017.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201907017 |
|
[16] | 康树文. 氮磷添加对内蒙古典型草原植物群落结构和季节动态的影响[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2019. |
KANG S W. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on plant community strcture and seasonal dynamics in typical grassland of Inner Mongolia[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University, 2019. | |
[17] | 徐智超. 氮、磷养分添加下的呼伦贝尔草甸草原土壤呼吸[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2019. |
XU Z C. Soil respiration of hulunber meadow steppe under the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University, 2019. | |
[18] |
LI Y, TIAN D, WANG J, et al. Differential mechanisms underlying responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities to nitrogen and phosphorus inputs in a subtropical forest[J]. Peer J, 2019, 7:e7631.DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7631.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.7631 |
[19] |
WANG R, BALKANSKI Y, BOUCHER O, et al. Significant contribution of combustion-related emissions to the atmospheric phosphorus budget[J]. Nat Geosci, 2015, 8(1):48-54.DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2324.
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2324 |
[20] |
MAO Q G, LU X K, ZHOU K J, et al. Effects of long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil acidification in an N-rich tropical forest[J]. Geoderma, 2017, 285:57-63.DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.09.017.
doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.09.017 |
[21] | 戴全厚, 刘国彬, 薛萐, 等. 侵蚀环境人工刺槐林土壤水稳性团聚体演变及其养分效应[J]. 水土保持通报, 2008, 28(4):56-59. |
DAI Q H, LIU G B, XUE S, et al. Dynamics of soil water-stable aggregates in the restoration process of artificial Robinia pseudoacacia under erosion environment[J]. Bull Soil Water Conserv, 2008, 28(4):56-59.DOI: 10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2008.04.032.
doi: 10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2008.04.032 |
|
[22] |
钟巧连, 刘立斌, 许鑫, 等. 黔中喀斯特木本植物功能性状变异及其适应策略[J]. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(5):562-572.
doi: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0270 |
ZHONG Q L, LIU L B, XU X, et al. Variations of plant functional traits and adaptive strategy of woody species in a Karst forest of central Guizhou Province,southwestern China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018, 42(5):562-572.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0270.
doi: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0270 |
|
[23] | 秦娟, 孔海燕, 刘华. 马尾松不同林型土壤C、N、P、K的化学计量特征[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 44(2):68-76,82. |
QIN J, KONG H Y, LIU H. Stoichiometric characteristics of soil C,N,P and K in different Pinus massoniana forests[J]. J Northwest A F Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2016, 44(2):68-76,82.DOI: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2016.02.010.
doi: 10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2016.02.010 |
|
[24] | 陈黎, 刘成功, 钱莹莹, 等. 南方红豆杉人工林针叶C、N、P化学计量特征[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 45(5):53-61. |
CHEN L, LIU C G, QIAN Y Y, et al. Stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, P of Taxus chinensis var. mairei plantation needles[J]. J Nanjing For Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2021, 45(5):53-61. DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202103051.
doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202103051 |
|
[25] | 吴锡麟, 叶功富, 张尚炬, 等. 不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝金属元素含量及其再吸收率动态[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2011, 17(5):645-650. |
WU X L, YE G F, ZHANG S J, et al. Contents of some mineral elements and their resorption efficiencies in Casuarina equisetifolia branchlets across a coastal gradient[J]. Chin J Appl Environ Biol, 2011, 17(5):645-650.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1145.2011.00645.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1145.2011.00645 |
|
[26] |
SANG T V, JOHNSON E A. Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems[J]. Mt Res Dev, 2001, 21(2):202.DOI: 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0202:APLFPE]2.0.CO;2.
doi: 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021 |
[27] | 胡耀升, 么旭阳, 刘艳红. 长白山不同演替阶段森林植物功能性状及其与地形因子间的关系[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(20):5915-5924. |
HU Y S, YAO X Y, LIU Y H. The functional traits of forests at different succession stages and their relationship to terrain factors in Changbai Mountains[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2014, 34(20):5915-5924.DOI: 10.5846/stxb201301230133.
doi: 10.5846/stxb201301230133 |
|
[28] | 刘旻霞, 马建祖. 阴阳坡植物功能性状与环境因子的变化特征[J]. 水土保持研究, 2013, 20(1):102-106. |
LIU M X, MA J Z. Feature variations of plant functional traits and environmental factor in south- and north-facing slope[J]. Res Soil Water Conserv, 2013, 20(1):102-106. | |
[29] | 张杰, 李敏, 敖子强, 等. 基于CNKI的植物功能性状研究进展文献计量分析[J]. 江西科学, 2018, 36(2):314-318,330. |
ZHANG J, LI M, AO Z Q, et al. Bibliometrieal analysis of plant functional traits research based on CNKI from 1955-2017[J]. Jiangxi Sci, 2018, 36(2):314-318,330.DOI: 10.13990/j.issn1001-3679.2018.02.023.
doi: 10.13990/j.issn1001-3679.2018.02.023 |
|
[30] | 宋光满, 韩涛涛, 洪岚, 等. 演替过程中植物功能性状研究进展[J]. 生态科学, 2018, 37(2):207-213. |
SONG G M, HAN T T, HONG L, et al. Advances in the studies of plant functional traits during succession[J]. Ecol Sci, 2018, 37(2)207-213.DOI: 10.14108/j.cnki.1008-8873.2018.02.026.
doi: 10.14108/j.cnki.1008-8873.2018.02.026 |
|
[31] | 刘晓娟, 马克平. 植物功能性状研究进展[J]. 中国科学:生命科学, 2015, 45(4):325-339. |
LIU X J, MA K P. Plant functional traits: concepts,applications and future directions[J]. Sci Sin (Vitae), 2015, 45(4):325-339.DOI: 10.1360/N052014-00244.
doi: 10.1360/N052014-00244 |
|
[32] |
HASSAN I A. Effects of water stress and high temperature on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in Triticum aestivum L[J]. Photosynthetica, 2006, 44(2):312-315.DOI: 10.1007/s11099-006-0024-7.
doi: 10.1007/s11099-006-0024-7 |
[1] | 丰伟, 单昌丹, 张慧, 刘家蔓, 柳国昂, 姚增玉. 施肥方式和施肥量对华山松幼苗生长及针叶营养状况的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(3): 191-198. |
[2] | 杨皓, 刘超, 庄家尧, 张树同, 张文韬, 毛国豪. 不同载体菌肥对紫穗槐生长和光合特性及土壤养分的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(3): 81-89. |
[3] | 丁咏, 刘鑫, 张金池, 王宇浩, 陈美玲, 李涛, 刘孝武, 周悦湘, 孙连浩, 廖艺. 酸雨类型转变对杉木林地土壤和细根生长的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(3): 90-98. |
[4] | 武燕, 黄青, 刘讯, 郑睿, 岑佳宝, 丁波, 张运林, 符裕红. 西南喀斯特地区马尾松人工林林龄对土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(3): 99-107. |
[5] | 张馨方, 王广鹏, 张树航, 李颖, 郭燕. 不同抗螨性板栗差异次生代谢物筛选与分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(2): 234-240. |
[6] | 尹增芳, 欧香, 陈瑶, 杨爱香, 孙李勇. 望春玉兰生物学基础研究进展与展望[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(2): 256-262. |
[7] | 孙劲伟, 王圣燕, 范弟武, 朱咏莉. C源与NP添加对Cd胁迫下林地土壤呼吸作用的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(1): 140-146. |
[8] | 邢冰冰, 李垚, 毛岭峰. 植物功能性状系统发育保守性的类群和地理分异研究——以中国被子植物最大株高为例[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(1): 59-66. |
[9] | 陆启帆, 林上平, 刘胜辉, 郑翔, 毕毓芳, 肖子璋, 姜姜, 王安可, 杜旭华. 施肥对毛竹林产量影响的Meta分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 48(1): 88-96. |
[10] | 程方, 孙婷玉, 叶建仁. 抗松针褐斑病湿地松未成熟合子胚胚性愈伤组织的诱导[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 47(6): 175-182. |
[11] | 贺坤, 王俊洁, 王本耀, 朱海军, 奉树成. 上海市行道树土壤肥力特征及其空间分布[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 47(3): 164-172. |
[12] | 徐子涵, 王磊, 崔明, 刘玉国, 赵紫晴, 李嘉豪. 南水北调水源区不同植被恢复模式的土壤化学计量特征[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 47(3): 173-181. |
[13] | 叶可可, 李庆梅, 祝燕, 闫晶晶, 张子晗, 冯赛, 杨晓辉. 油松容器苗和裸根苗生长与造林效果对秋季施肥的响应[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 47(1): 136-144. |
[14] | 孙薇, 王斌, 楚秀丽, 王秀花, 张东北, 吴小林, 周志春. 马尾松容器苗生长和养分性状对磷添加和接种菌根菌的响应及关联[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 47(1): 226-233. |
[15] | 刘青青, 黄智军, 马祥庆, 王正宁, 邢先双, 刘博. 遮阴条件下杉木幼苗生长和C、N、P化学计量特征的变化[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 46(3): 74-82. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||