微量元素在林木中的应用研究进展

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202105031

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 229-239.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202105031

微量元素在林木中的应用研究进展

张恒(), 陈锐帆, 林嘉蓓, 邓小梅(), 奚如春()

华南农业大学林学与风景园林学院,广东省森林植物种质创新与利用重点实验室,广东广州 510642

收稿日期:2021-05-17 修回日期:2022-03-29 出版日期:2022-09-30 发布日期:2022-10-19
通讯作者: 邓小梅,奚如春
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1001602);广东省重点领域研发计划(2020B020215003-03);广东省林业科技创新项目(2018KJCX008)

A review on the application of microelements in forests

ZHANG Heng(), CHEN Ruifan, LIN Jiabei, DENG Xiaomei(), XI Ruchun()

College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou 510642, China

Received:2021-05-17 Revised:2022-03-29 Online:2022-09-30 Published:2022-10-19
Contact: DENG Xiaomei,XI Ruchun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微量元素对林木生长发育至关重要,它们参与林木呼吸作用、光合作用、营养吸收及激素信号传导等多种生理生化过程。目前与林木生长有关的微量元素共有8种。微量元素与树体营养元素浓度、林木生长量及产量密切相关,是林木施肥与营养诊断的理论基础。笔者对微量元素在林木中的功能、微量元素与林木生长发育、林分类型、土壤和病虫害的关系及林木微量元素吸收转运分子机制、营养诊断等方面的研究现状进行综述,总结了现阶段存在的问题并对未来研究提出建议,认为我国林木可用的微肥品种和产量较少,与国外相关情况相比还有一定差距,且尚未组织微肥生产和制定质量标准,产品未达到多样化、定型化等;不同微量元素之间存在协同或拮抗作用。虽然在生产中尚未完全掌握土壤微量元素分布规律,导致林木施肥存在一定的盲目性,但我国生态农林业的发展已经起步。从我国林木的营养诊断技术、微肥研究利用、高效养分管理和速生丰产林的培育等方面开展深入研究,建议在林木施肥中应用微生物肥,以减缓土地营养衰退趋势,同时要进行树种选优、改良土壤、加强管理来提高林木经营总体效益。

关键词: 微量元素, 林木生长发育, 吸收转运, 营养诊断, 微肥研究

Abstract:

Microelements are crucial for the growth and development of trees, and they are involved in various physiological and biochemical processes such as tree respiration, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and hormone signal transduction. At present, there are 16 element types related to the growth of trees, among which there are eight types of trace elements. Microelements are closely related to tree nutrient element concentration and tree growth and yield. This is also the theoretical basis for tree fertilization and nutritional diagnosis.The research status of the function of microelements in trees, the relationship between microelements and tree growth, stand types, soil, pests and diseases, the molecular mechanism of absorption and transport of microelements in trees, nutrition diagnosis and other aspects were reviewed, and recommendations were made on current problems and future research. There are few varieties and yields for micro-fertilizers available for trees in China and there is still a gap when compared with other countries. For example, micro-fertilizer production and quality standards have not been organized, and the products have not reached a level of diversification. There are synergistic or antagonistic effects among the different microelements. Although soil microelement distribution regulations are not fully understood in the context of current production and there is a lack of focus on tree fertilization, the development of ecological agriculture and forestry in China has already started. In-depth research was undertaken on the nutritional diagnosis technology of trees, the research and utilization of micro-fertilizers, efficient nutrient management, and the cultivation of fast-growing and high-yield forests in China. Microbial fertilizers can be used in forest fertilization to slow down the trend in land nutrition decline. Meanwhile, it is important to carry out tree species selection, soil improvement, and strengthen management to improve the overall efficiency of forest management.

Key words: microelement, tree growth and development, absorption and transfer, nutritional diagnosis, micro fertilizer research

中图分类号:

S606
S714

张恒,陈锐帆,林嘉蓓,等. 微量元素在林木中的应用研究进展[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 46(5): 229-239.

ZHANG Heng, CHEN Ruifan, LIN Jiabei, DENG Xiaomei, XI Ruchun. A review on the application of microelements in forests[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 46(5): 229-239.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202105031.

图/表 2

表1

表2

土壤主要矿物质及pH对土壤和林木吸收微量元素的影响"

元素 element	矿物质类型 mineral type	对浓度/吸收的影响 effect on concentration/absorption
B	硼酸盐 :Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O、Na₂B₄O₇·4H₂O、Ca₂B₆O₁₁·5H₂O、 NaCaB₅O₉·4H₂O	土壤pH的增加有利于B的吸附;在pH> 6.0时,B的有效性和摄入量急剧下降
Cu	碳酸盐:Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃、Cu₃(OH)₂(CO₃)₂。氧化物:Cu₂O、CuO。硫化物:Cu₂S、CuS、CuFeS₂、Cu₃FeS₄、Cu₉S₅、Cu₃AsS₄、Cu₁₂Sb₄S₁₃	Cu²⁺的溶解度与土壤pH密切相关,pH每增加1个单位,Cu²⁺ 溶解度会降低100倍,植物对该元素的吸收也会减少
Fe	碳酸盐:FeCO₃。氧化物:Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄、FeOOH。硫化物:FeS₂。硫酸盐:KFe₃(OH)₆(SO₄)₄	土壤中的Fe³⁺和Fe²⁺的活性每降低一个单位,土壤pH就会分别降低1 000倍和100倍;林木对土壤中Fe的吸收也会减少
Mn	碳酸盐:MnCO₃。氧化物:MnO₂、Mn₃O₄、MnOOH、(Mn, Si)₂O₃、 BaMg₉O₁₈·2H₂O。硅酸盐:MnSiO₃	土壤pH每增加1个单位,其浓度就会降低100倍;在极端酸性土壤中,Mn²⁺的溶解度变大,从而对林木产生毒害作用
Mo	氧化物:Mo₃O₈·8H₂O。钼酸盐:PbMoO₄、CaMoO₄、Fe₂(MoO₄)·8H₂O	Mo $O 4 2 -$ 浓度随土壤pH增加而增大,林木吸收也会增加
Zn	碳酸盐:ZnCO₃。硫化物:ZnS。硅酸盐:Zn₄(OH)₂Si₂O₇·H₂O	pH每增加一个单位,Zn的溶解度就会降低100倍,林木吸收量降低
Cl	钾盐:KCl。钾盐镁矾:KCl、MgSO₄·3H₂O。无水钾镁矾:K₂SO₄·2MgSO₄	土壤pH升高,林木对Cl的吸收增强
Ni	硫镍铁矿:(Fe,Ni)₉S₈。铁镍矿:Ni₃Fe。陨碳铁:(Fe,Ni)₃C。镍:Ni	在酸性土壤中Ni的可用性比碱性土壤高

表2

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微量元素 micronutrient	功能 function	缺乏症状 deficiency symptom
B	激活某些脱氢酶,参与碳水化合物的代谢、细胞壁的合成,对细胞分裂和细胞发育至关重要	芽尖和根尖的生长点死亡,影响花芽发育
Cu	许多重要氧化酶的组成成分,在光合作用、蛋白质和碳水化合物中很重要	幼叶黄化,叶端卷曲,顶梢枯死,生长受阻
Fe	在叶绿素形成、光合作用和电子转移发挥重要作用,并且是过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶的重要组成部分	幼叶变黄,叶脉仍为绿色,严重时整个叶片枯黄或发白,叶缘枯死
Mn	激活脱羧酶、脱氢酶和氧化酶;参与光合作用;促进氮素代谢和氮素同化	叶脉和叶脉周围组织为浅绿色,晚期叶片组织坏死
Mo	硝酸盐还原酶和N₂固定酶的必需组成部分	幼叶有白斑,叶片泛白枯黄,有时顶端甚至死亡
Zn	某些脱氢酶、蛋白酶和肽酶的必需成分	叶片变小失绿,在叶中部有明显白色条纹
CI	调节细胞质酶活动,稳定膜电位,并在光合作用中发挥辅助因子的作用	叶片枯萎,根系生长发育不良及果实变小
Ni	在尿素分解、维持细胞氧化还原状态及抗逆性发挥重要作用	叶片坏死病变

微量元素在林木中的应用研究进展

A review on the application of microelements in forests

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