酸雨类型转变对杉木林地土壤和细根生长的影响

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202211030

国家林草科技领军期刊
中国精品科技期刊
中国高校百佳科技期刊
江苏省新闻出版政府奖期刊奖
RCCSE林学权威期刊（A+）
CSCD核心期刊
Scopus数据库收录期刊
中文核心期刊
SCD核心期刊

作者加群：102861116

微信公众号：南京林业大学学报

高级检索

南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2024, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (3): 90-98.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202211030

所属专题：土壤生态修复理论与技术研究

• 专题报道Ⅱ:土壤生态修复理论与技术研究(执行主编张金池) • 上一篇下一篇

酸雨类型转变对杉木林地土壤和细根生长的影响

丁咏(), 刘鑫^*(), 张金池, 王宇浩, 陈美玲, 李涛, 刘孝武, 周悦湘, 孙连浩, 廖艺

南京林业大学林草学院、水土保持学院,南方现代林业协同创新中心,江苏省水土保持与生态修复重点实验室,江苏南京 210037

收稿日期:2022-11-26 修回日期:2023-08-13 出版日期:2024-05-30 发布日期:2024-06-14
通讯作者: *刘鑫(liuxinswc@njfu.edu.cn),讲师。
作者简介:丁咏(dingyong@njfu.edu.cn)。
基金资助:
江苏省自然科学基金青年基金项目(BK20200785);江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX23_1240);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD);江苏省科技计划项目(BE2022420)

Effects of acid rain-based transformation on Cunninghamia lanceolata fine root growth and soil nutrient content

DING Yong(), LIU Xin^*(), ZHANG Jinchi, WANG Yuhao, CHEN Meiling, LI Tao, LIU Xiaowu, ZHOU Yuexiang, SUN Lianhao, LIAO Yi

Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Provincal Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, College of Forestry and Grassland, College of Water and Soil Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

Received:2022-11-26 Revised:2023-08-13 Online:2024-05-30 Published:2024-06-14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究酸雨类型转变对杉木细根生长和土壤养分含量的影响,为改善酸雨胁迫地区杉木人工林土壤酸化提供依据。【方法】在江苏南京铜山林场进行了为期1 a的野外模拟酸雨试验,设置了3种酸雨酸度(pH为4.5,3.5和2.5)和3种酸雨类型[硫酸型酸雨,SO₄^2-与NO₃^-的浓度比(硫氮比)5∶1。混合型酸雨,硫氮比1∶1。硝酸型酸雨,硫氮比1∶5],并设置对照CK(pH为6.6,利用当地自然溪水),共10个试验处理。分别测定酸雨胁迫后杉木林地土壤化学性质、细根生理特性及细根元素含量,利用相关性及结构方程模型分析方法,探究酸雨类型转变对杉木细根生长的直接及间接影响。【结果】随着酸雨pH和硫氮比的降低,杉木细根生物量和根系活力均减少。所有强酸雨处理(pH 2.5)杉木根系的过氧化氢酶活性均低于其他酸雨处理,且当酸雨类型转变为硝酸型酸雨时,过氧化氢酶活性逐渐降低并低于CK;另外,细根镁、铝含量及钙铝比(含量比,下同)和镁铝比在不同的硫氮比处理之间均存在差异。与CK相比,所有酸雨处理均增加了细根钙和铝含量,钾含量随着酸雨胁迫逐渐减少。然而,土壤养分总碳、总氮、碳氮比、总硫、有效磷和速效钾在不同硫氮比和不同pH之间不存在显著差异。通过相关性分析可知:土壤pH与镁铝比、根系生物量和根系活力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),并且根系生物量与过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶之间均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),却与铝含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】酸雨酸度对杉木细根和土壤均有较大影响,酸雨类型对细根的影响要强于土壤。其中,酸雨类型对根系活力和钙铝比均有直接影响。随着硫氮比值的降低,酸雨对杉木细根生长的抑制作用更明显。

关键词: 杉木, 酸雨, 硫氮比, 细根生物量, 土壤养分

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study explored the effects of acid rain-based changes in soil nutrient content and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) fine root growth, to provide a theoretical basis for improving soil acidification of C. lanceolata plantations in acid rain-stressed areas.【Method】 A one-year simulated acid rain field experiment was conducted at the Tongshan Forest Farm in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Three acid rain acidity levels (pH=4.5, 3.5, and 2.5) were applied with each of three acid rain types: sulfuric acid rain, with 5∶1 concentration ratio of sulfur (S, SO₄^2-) to nitrogen (N, NO₃^-); mixed acid rain, with 1∶1 S/N ratio; nitric acid rain, with 1∶5 S/N ratio; and a control (CK, pH=6.6, local river water). There were thus 10 total experimental treatments. Outcome measures of acid rain stress included soil chemical properties, fine root physiological characteristics, and fine root element contents. Correlations and structural equation model analyses were used to explore the direct and indirect effects of acid rain type on C. lanceolata fine root growth.【Result】 With decreasing acid rain pH and S/N ratios, the fine root biomass and root activity of C. lanceolata decreased. The catalase activity of all strong acid rain treatments (pH=2.5) was lower than that of other acid rain treatments. Compared with nitric acid rain types, the catalase activity incrementally decreased and was lower than CK; Mg and Al content, as well as the c(Ca)/c(Al) and c(Mg)/c(Al) in fine roots also differed. Compared with CK, all acid rain treatments increased fine root Ca and Al contents, while K content decreased with acid rain stress. However, there were not significant differences in soil total C, total N, C/N ratio, total S, available P, or available K among S/N ratios or pH levels. Correlation analysis showed that soil pH was extremely significant positively correlated with c(Mg)/c(Al), root biomass, and root activity (P<0.01), and that root biomass was significantly positively correlated with peroxidase, catalase, but extremely significant negative correlated with Al content (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 After one year of experimental acid rain stress, acidity significantly impacted both soil and C. lanceolata fine roots. Acid rain type affected fine roots more strongly than it affected soil. As the S/N ratio decreased, the inhibitory effect of acid rain on C. lanceolata fine root growth was more pronounced.

Key words: Cunninghamia lanceolata, acid rain, sulfur to nitrogen ratio, fine root biomass, soil nutrient

中图分类号:

S718

丁咏,刘鑫,张金池,等. 酸雨类型转变对杉木林地土壤和细根生长的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 48(3): 90-98.

DING Yong, LIU Xin, ZHANG Jinchi, WANG Yuhao, CHEN Meiling, LI Tao, LIU Xiaowu, ZHOU Yuexiang, SUN Lianhao, LIAO Yi. Effects of acid rain-based transformation on Cunninghamia lanceolata fine root growth and soil nutrient content[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 48(3): 90-98.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202211030.

图/表 8

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表1

图6

表2

参考文献 34

[1]	BORER E T, STEVENS C J. Nitrogen deposition and climate:an integrated synthesis[J]. Trends Ecol Evol, 2022, 37(6): 541-552. DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.013.
[2]	盛炜彤. 关于我国人工林长期生产力的保持[J]. 林业科学研究, 2018, 31(1): 1-14.
	SHENG W T. On the maintenance of long-term productivity of plantation in China[J]. Forest Research, 2018, 31(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.001.
[3]	HENDRICKS J J, NADELHOFFER K J, ABER J D. Assessing the role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling[J]. Tree, 1993, 8(5): 174-178. DOI:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90143-d.
[4]	黄爱梅, 方毅, 孙俊, 等. 武夷山不同海拔毛竹细根功能性状研究[J]. 生态学报, 2023, 43(1): 1-10.
	HUANG A M, FANG Y, SUN J, et al. Fine root traits of Phyllostachys edulis at diferent alitudes in Wuyi Mountain[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2023, 43(1): 1-10. DOI:10.5846/stxb202112143536.
[5]	张治军. 重庆酸雨区马尾松生物量和根系空间分布特征研究[D]. 保定: 河北农业大学, 2006.
	ZHANG Z J. Study on the Spatial characteristics of Pinus massoniana biomass and root distribution in acid rain area Chongqing[D]. Baoding: Hebei Agricultural University, 2006. DOI:10.7666/d.y933672.
[6]	WEI H, LIU W, ZHANG J, et al. Effects of simulated acid rain on soil fauna community composition and their ecological niches[J]. Environ Pollut, 2017, 220(Pt A): 460-468. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.088.
[7]	LIU M X, HUANG X, SONG Y, et al. Ammonia emission control in China would mitiCate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain[J]. PNAS, 2019, 116(16): 7760-7765. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1814880116.
[8]	MORRISON E W, PRINGLE A, VAN DIEPEN L T A, et al. Simulated nitrogen deposition favors stress-tolerant fungi with low potential for decomposition[J]. Soil Biol Biochem, 2018, 125: 75-85. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.06.027.
[9]	李沁宇, 刘鑫, 张金池. 长三角区域酸雨类型转变趋势研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 45(1): 168-174.
	LI Q Y, LIU X, ZHANG J C. Changing trends of acid rain types in the Yangtze River Delta region[J]. J Nanjing For Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2021, 45(1): 168-174. DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.201908029.
[10]	ZHOU M J, HU H B, WANG J L, et al. Nitric acid rain increased bacterial community diversity in north subtropical forest soil[J]. Forests, 2022, 13(9): 1349. DOI:10.3390/f13091349.
[11]	LIU X, ZHAO W R, MENG M J, et al. Comparative effects of simulated acid rain of different ratios of SO₄^2- to NO₃^- on fine root in subtropical plantation of China[J]. Science of the Total Envi-ronmen, 2018, 618: 336-346. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.073.
[12]	LV Y N, WANG C Y, JIA Y Y, et al. Effects of sulfuric, nitric, and mixed acid rain on litter decomposition,soil microbial biomass, and enzyme activities in subtropical forests of China[J]. Appl Soil Ecol, 2014, 79: 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.12.002.
[13]	LIU X, ZHANG B, ZHAO W R, et al. Comparative effects of sulfuric and nitric acid rain on litter decomposition and soil microbial community in subtropical plantation of Yangtze River Delta region[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2017, 601: 669-678. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.151.
[14]	KYAING M, 顾立江, 程红梅. 植物中硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶的作用[J]. 生物技术进展, 2011, 1(3): 159-164.
	KYAING M, GU L J, CHENG H M. The role of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in plant[J]. Curr Biotechnol, 2011, 1(3): 159-164. DOI:CNKI:SUN:SWJZ.0.2011-03-003.
[15]	许振柱, 周广胜. 植物氮代谢及其环境调节研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(3): 511-516.
	XU Z Z, ZHOU G S. Research advance in nitrogen metabolism of plant and its environmental regulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(3): 511-516. DOI:CNKI:SUN:YYSB.0.2004-03-030.
[16]	QIAO F, ZHANG X M, LIU X, et al. Elevated nitrogen metabolism and nitric oxide production are involved in Arabidopsis resistance to acid rain[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018, 127: 238-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.025.
[17]	DU E Z, DONG D, ZENG X T, et al. Direct effect of acid rain on leaf chlorophyll content of terrestrial plants in China[J]. Sci-ence of The Total Environment, 2017, 605: 764-769. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.044.
[18]	陈美玲, 刘鑫, 陈新峰, 等. 酸雨类型转变对杉木林土壤养分特征和微生物量碳氮的影响[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2022, 39(6): 1278-1288.
	CHEN M L, LIU X, CHEN X F, et al. Effects of acid rain type change on soil nutrient characteristics and microbial C and N in the Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(6): 1278-1288. DOI:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220132.
[19]	赵文瑞. 酸雨酸度和硫氮比对麻栎细根生长及其主要组成物质的影响[D]. 南京: 南京林业大学, 2017.
	ZHAO W R. Effects of acid rain acidity and sulfur-nitrogen ratio on fine root growth and its main components of Quercus acutissima[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Forestry University, 2017. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170418.
[20]	童贯和, 程滨, 胡云虎. 模拟酸雨及其酸化土壤对小麦幼苗生物量和某些生理活动的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2005, 31(9): 1207-1214.
	TONG G H, CHENG B, HU Y H. Effect of simulated acid rain and its acidified soil on the biomass and some physioloqical activities of wheat seedlings[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2005, 31(9): 1207-1214. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2005.09.018.
[21]	林妙君, 林敏丹, 许展颖, 等. 酸雨胁迫对水稻萌芽及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 广东农业科学, 2022, 49(4): 1-7.
	LIN M J, LIN M D, XU Z Y, et al. Effects of acid rain on germination and seedling growth of rice[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 49(4): 1-7. DOI:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2022.04.001.
[22]	LIU H Y, REN X Q, ZHU J Z, et al. Effect of exogenous abscisic acid on morphology, growth and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) roots under simulated acid rain stress[J]. Planta, 2018, 248(3): 647-659. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2922-x.
[23]	JU S M, WANG Y K, WANG N N, et al. The effects of silicon and different types of acid rain on root growthand physiology activi-ty of Oryza sativa L. seedlings[J]. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2020, 105(6): 967-971. DOI:10.1007/s00128-020-03046-x.
[24]	WANG T J, JIANG F, LI S, et al. Trends in air pollution during 1996-2003 and cross-border transport in city clusters over the Yangtze River Delta region of China[J]. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci, 2007, 18(5): 995-1009. DOI:10.3319/tao.2007.18.5.995(a).
[25]	张濛, 续高山, 滕志远, 等. 模拟酸雨对小黑杨幼苗生长和光合特性的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 45(6): 57-64.
	ZHANG M, XU G S, TENG Z Y, et al. Effects of simulated acid rain on growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Populus simonii ×P. nigra[J]. J Nanjing For Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2021, 45(6): 57-64. DOI:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202003068.
[26]	REN X, ZHU J, LIU H, et al. Response of antioxidative system in rice (Oryza sativa) leaves to simulated acid rain stress[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018, 148: 851-856. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.046.
[27]	KHAN M N, MOBIN M, ABBAS Z K, et al. Nitric oxide-induced synthesis of hydrogen sulfide alleviatesosmotic stress in wheat seedlings through sustaining antioxidant enzymes, osmolyte accumulation and cysteine homeostasis[J]. Nitric Oxide, 2017, 68: 91-102. DOI:10.1016/j.niox.2017.01.001.
[28]	LI W B, JIN C J, GUAN D X, et al. The effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on plant root traits: a meta-analysis[J]. Soil Biol Biochem, 2015, 82: 112-118. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.001.
[29]	CHEN G T, TU L H, PENG Y, et al. Effect of nitrogen additions on root morphology and chemistry in a subtropical bamboo forest[J]. Plant Soil, 2017, 412(1): 441-451. DOI:10.1007/s11104-016-3074-z.
[30]	刘鑫. 长三角区域典型林分土壤及树木细根对酸雨的响应[D]. 南京: 南京林业大学, 2018.
	LIU X. Effects of acid rain on soil and fine root of typical plantation in Yangtze River Delta region[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Forestry University, 2018.
[31]	VELIKOVA V, YORDANOV I, EDREVA A. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants[J]. Plant Sci, 2000, 151(1): 59-66. DOI:10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00197-1.
[32]	乔芳. 拟南芥对三种类型模拟酸雨不同响应机制研究[D]. 厦门: 厦门大学, 2014.
	QIAO F. Studies on differential mechanisms of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to three types of simulated acid rain[D]. Xiamen: Xiamen University, 2014.
[33]	孙业民, 马兰, 李朝周. 不同类型酸胁迫对云杉叶细胞膜及其保护系统损伤机制的比较[J]. 林业科学, 2012, 48(6): 56-62.
	SUN Y M, MA L, LI C Z. Comparison on the damage mechanism of cell nembrane and its protective systems in Picea asperata leaves under different acid stress types[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2012, 48(6): 56-62. DOI: 10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z.
[34]	MAO Q G, LU X K, ZHOU K J, et al. Effects of long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil acidification in an N-rich tropical forest[J]. Geoderma, 2017, 285: 57-63. DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.09.017.

指标 index	c(K)	c(Mg)	c(Ca)	c(Al)	c(Ca)/ c(Al)	c(Mg)/ c(Al)	FRB	TTC	POD	CAT	c(TC)	c(TN)
c(Ca)/c(Al)	0.111	0.022	0.595^**	-0.713^**	1.000
c(Mg)/c(Al)	-0.016	0.574^**	-0.104	-0.805^**	0.614^**	1.000
FRB	0.179	0.080	-0.028	-0.592^**	0.463^**	0.569^**	1.000
TTC	0.181	0.082	-0.204	-0.625^**	0.415^*	0.607^**	0.825^**	1.000
POD	-0.155	0.048	0.129	-0.314	0.369^*	0.287	0.430^*	0.377^*	1.000
CAT	0.080	0.121	0.245	-0.408^*	0.404^*	0.345	0.425^*	0.344	0.458^*	1.000
pH	0.369^*	0.060	-0.181	-0.660^**	0.376^*	0.594^**	0.681^**	0.653^**	0.102	0.253
C/N	0.008	-0.146	-0.078	-0.020	0.015	0.010	0.132	0.037	-0.144	0.023	0.713^**	-0.719^**
c(TS)	-0.217	-0.064	0.151	0.051	-0.038	-0.161	-0.284	-0.152	0.189	0.417^*	-0.167	0.136
c(AP)	0.196	-0.226	-0.415^*	0.356	-0.512^**	-0.395^*	-0.254	-0.094	-0.049	-0.105	0.187	0.024

因子 factor	直接效应 direct effect	间接效应 indirect effect	总效应 total effect
酸雨类型acid rain type	0.164	-0.004	0.160
酸雨酸度acid rain acidity	0.926	0.011	0.936
土壤pH soil pH	-0.185	0.005	-0.180
速效钾effective potassium	0.106	-0.011	0.095
根系活力root activity	0.103	—	0.103
钙铝比c(Ca)/c(Al)	0.024	—	0.024

酸雨类型转变对杉木林地土壤和细根生长的影响

Effects of acid rain-based transformation on Cunninghamia lanceolata fine root growth and soil nutrient content

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 8

参考文献 34

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

作者

读者

审稿

[1]	肖晖, 林泽忠, 苏顺德, 江晓丽, 陈海强, 吴炜, 罗水金, 潘隆应, 郑仁华. 杉木无性系圃地测定性状遗传变异分析及超早期选择[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 48(3): 63-70.
[2]	杨皓, 刘超, 庄家尧, 张树同, 张文韬, 毛国豪. 不同载体菌肥对紫穗槐生长和光合特性及土壤养分的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 48(3): 81-89.
[3]	武燕, 黄青, 刘讯, 郑睿, 岑佳宝, 丁波, 张运林, 符裕红. 西南喀斯特地区马尾松人工林林龄对土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 48(3): 99-107.
[4]	鲁旭东, 董禹然, 李垚, 毛岭峰. 中国亚热带杉木人工林不同林分发育阶段的群落构建机制[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 48(1): 67-73.
[5]	王林龙, 张怀清, 杨廷栋, 张京, 雷可欣, 陈传松, 张华聪, 刘洋, 崔泽宇, 左袁青. 一种优化森林仿真的碰撞检测及响应算法研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023, 47(5): 19-27.
[6]	贺坤, 王俊洁, 王本耀, 朱海军, 奉树成. 上海市行道树土壤肥力特征及其空间分布[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023, 47(3): 164-172.
[7]	徐子涵, 王磊, 崔明, 刘玉国, 赵紫晴, 李嘉豪. 南水北调水源区不同植被恢复模式的土壤化学计量特征[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023, 47(3): 173-181.
[8]	赵铭臻, 刘静, 邹显花, 郑宏, 范福金, 林开敏, 马祥庆, 李明. 间伐施肥对杉木中龄林生长和材种结构的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023, 47(2): 70-78.
[9]	郭常酉, 郭宏仙, 王宝华. 基于气候因子的杉木单木胸径生长模型构建[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2023, 47(1): 47-56.
[10]	叶代全. 杉木第4代育种候选群体的12年生全同胞子代测定表现与选择[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 46(6): 240-250.
[11]	王有良, 林开敏, 宋重升, 崔朝伟, 彭丽鸿, 郑宏, 郑鸣鸣, 任正标, 邱明镜. 间伐对杉木人工林生态系统碳储量的短期影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 46(3): 65-73.
[12]	刘青青, 黄智军, 马祥庆, 王正宁, 邢先双, 刘博. 遮阴条件下杉木幼苗生长和C、N、P化学计量特征的变化[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 46(3): 74-82.
[13]	薛蓓蓓, 田国双. 不同碳补贴机制下杉木人工林最优轮伐期和碳汇成本分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 46(2): 27-34.
[14]	林莉莉, 胡安琪, 陈钢, 张霁月, 曹光球, 曹世江. 杉木ClWRKY44基因克隆及其表达特性分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 46(1): 203-209.
[15]	朱念福, 张怀清, 崔泽宇, 杨廷栋, 李永亮, 刘华. 基于空间结构的杉木枝下高可视化模拟研究[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 46(1): 51-57.