Abstract: Higherlevel relationships of major lineages in the land plants have been resolved during the past 10 years. It was suggested that the bryophytes, comprising three groups, e.g.hornworts, liverworts, mosses, might not form a monophyletic clade. A monophyletic lineage, monilophytes, was redefined and proposed to exclude the lycophytes. Several monophyletic clades of seed plants, namely eudicots, core eudicots, rosids, and asterids, were supported by molecular data with their united morphological synapomorphies. Several major controversies and unsolved problems concerning bryophytes and Gnetales were discussed. Future directions of phylogenetic studies on land plants were prospected finally.