基于TWINSPAN分类的汪清县温带森林发育演替阶段分析

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202204023

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2024, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 179-186.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202204023

基于TWINSPAN分类的汪清县温带森林发育演替阶段分析

贾珂¹(), 王新杰¹^,^*(), 和敬渊¹, 路燕²

1.北京林业大学林学院,北京 100083
2.北京林业大学经济管理学院,北京 100083

收稿日期:2022-04-11 修回日期:2022-09-02 出版日期:2024-01-30 发布日期:2024-01-24
通讯作者: 王新杰
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC050410101)

Analyses of the temperate forests development and succession stage in Wangqing County based on TWINSPAN

JIA Ke¹(), WANG Xinjie¹^,^*(), HE Jingyuan¹, LU Yan²

1. College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2. School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2022-04-11 Revised:2022-09-02 Online:2024-01-30 Published:2024-01-24
Contact: WANG Xinjie

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】森林各发育阶段的经营方式有所不同,温带森林虽占全球森林面积的近20%,但分布分散且多位于易受干扰的人口密集地区,面临物种多样性丧失等生态问题。如何准确划分温带森林的发育阶段,为各阶段森林经营提供方法和理论依据,实现温带森林的高效经营,是亟待解决的问题。【方法】本研究以2017年吉林省汪清县森林资源二类调查中5 124个小班的树种组成为研究对象,采用双向指示种分析方法(TWINSPAN)进行数量分类,划分森林发育演替阶段揭示该地区温带森林的演替阶段与生长发育规律。【结果】通过选取林分年龄、平均胸径、平均树高、每公顷蓄积量、总蓄积量、每公顷株数等林分结构和生长变化指标,确定演替发育阶段,并将研究区温带森林分为:白桦(Betula platyphylla)阔叶混交林、柞树(Quercus mongolica)阔叶混交林、柞树针阔混交林、白桦云杉(Picea asperata)针阔混交林、云杉白桦针阔混交林、红松(Pinus koraiensis)云杉针阔混交林、阔叶红松云杉混交林等7类。其中,红松云杉针阔混交林面积占比最大,是该地区的主要森林类型。各森林类型演替特征明显,演替过程中以红松、云杉为代表的顶极树种和以椴树(Tilia tuan)、色木槭(Acer pictum subsp. mono)为代表的伴生树种由弱变强,数量占比逐渐扩大,以白桦、山杨(Populus davidiana)为代表的先锋树种逐渐变少,最终形成阔叶红松云杉混交林顶极群落。【结论】本研究基于大量调查数据,应用TWINSPAN分类方法,在汪清县温带森林中划分出7种演替阶段,总结各演替阶段特征,证实各演替阶段在时间梯度上符合生长发育的特点,为在不同演替阶段中开展高效营林措施提供理论支持,同时也为维持森林结构和功能的相对稳定及形成优质高产林分提供参考。

关键词: 温带森林, TWINSPAN分类, 森林演替, 发育演替阶段, 汪清县, 吉林

Abstract:

【Objective】 Temperate forests account for nearly 20% of the global forest area. They are scattered and located in densely populated areas that are prone to disturbance and face ecological problems that include loss of species diversity. Accurately classifying the developmental stages of temperate forests, providing methods and theoretical bases for forest management at each stage, and achieving efficient management of temperate forests are urgent problems. 【Method】 In this study, considering the tree species composition of 5 124 subcompartments in the forest resource inventory in Wangqing County, Jilin Province, in 2017 as the research object, the TWINSPAN method was used to reveal the succession stage and development law of temperate forests in this area. Relevant measures of forest management were proposed according to the characteristics of different development stages. 【Results】 Stand structure and growth change indices, such as stand age, average tree height, storage volume per hectare, total storage volume, and number of plants per hectare were selected. The stages of successional development were determined and the temperate forests in the study area were classified into seven categories: mixed broadleaf forest of Betula platyphylla, mixed broadleaf forest of Quercus mongolica, mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest of Q. mongolica, mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest of B. platyphylla and Picea asperata, mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest of P. asperata and B. platyphylla, mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest of Pinus koraiensis and P. asperata, and mixed broadleaf forest of P. koraiensis and Picea asperata. Among these, the mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests of P. koraiensis and P. asperata displayed the largest shared area and constitute the main forest types in the region. The succession characteristics of each forest type were obvious; the top species represented by P. koraiensis and P. asperata, and the companion species represented by Tilia tuan and Acer pictum subsp. mono changed from weak to strong, and the number share gradually expanded. The pioneer species, represented by B. platyphylla and Populus davidiana gradually decreased and finally formed a top community of mixed broadleaf forests of P. koraiensis and P. asperata. 【Conclusion】 Based on a large amount of survey data, this study applied the TWINSPAN classification method to delineate seven successional stages in temperate forests of Wangqing County, summarize the characteristics of each successional stage, and confirm that each successional stage conformed to the characteristics of growth and development in the time gradient. The data provide theoretical support for efficient forest management measures in different successional stages, and provide a reference to maintain the relative stability of forest structure and function to form high-quality and high-yielding forest stands.

Key words: temperate forests, TWINSPAN classification, forest succession, developmental succession stage, Wangqing County, Jilin Province

中图分类号:

S754

贾珂,王新杰,和敬渊,等. 基于TWINSPAN分类的汪清县温带森林发育演替阶段分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 48(1): 179-186.

JIA Ke, WANG Xinjie, HE Jingyuan, LU Yan. Analyses of the temperate forests development and succession stage in Wangqing County based on TWINSPAN[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 48(1): 179-186.DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202204023.

图/表 6

表1

图1

图2

表2

7种林分类型面积比例及树种组成"

混交林类型 type of mixed forest type	类型代码 type code	面积/ hm² area	面积占比/% area proportion	各类型树种及数量比 various types of tree species				群落特征 community characteristics
混交林类型 type of mixed forest type	类型代码 type code	面积/ hm² area	面积占比/% area proportion	先锋 pioneer	伴生 associated	顶极 top	数量比 (先锋∶伴生∶顶极) ratio of number (pioneer∶ associated∶ top)	群落特征 community characteristics
白桦阔叶混交林 mixed broadleaf forest of B. platyphylla	1	5 137.18	7.1	白桦、山杨、榆树、杂木	少量色木槭、椴树	少量臭松、枫桦等	9.0∶0.4∶0.6	森林演替的早期阶段,群落稳定性较差,为森林向下一阶段演替做准备
柞树阔叶混交林 mixed broadleaf forest of Q. mongolica	2	12 240.58	17.0	白桦、柞树	椴树、色木槭	少量臭松、枫桦等	7.6∶2.1∶0.3	伴生树种侵入并逐渐发展,先锋树种与伴生树种之间开始竞争
柞树针阔混交林 mixed coniferand broadleaf forest of Q. mongolica	3	12 875.70	17.9	白桦、柞树	少量椴树、色木槭	少量臭松、红松等	8.0∶1.0∶1.0	先锋树种仍处于优势,顶极树种加强,伴生树种和顶极树种形成竞争合力
白桦云杉针阔混交林 mixed conifer and broadleaf forest of B. platyphylla and P. asperata	4	576.40	0.9	白桦、榆树、杂木	少量椴树、色木槭	云杉、水曲柳、臭松、红松等	7.0∶1.0∶2.0	顶极树种开始竞争,此类森林为过渡阶段,向更稳定的森林类型发展
云杉白桦针阔混交林 mixed conifer and broadleaf forest of Picea asperata and B. platyphylla	5	194.84	0.3	白桦、山杨、杂木	椴树、色木槭	云杉、水曲柳、臭松、红松等	3.0∶2.0∶5.0	顶极树种开始占据优势,先锋树种占比下降,阔叶树不占优势,是演替重要转折
红松云杉针阔混交林 mixed conifer and broadleaf forest of Pinus koraiensis and P. asperata	6	22 302.63	31.0	少量榆树、白桦、杂木	椴树、色木槭	红松、臭松、云杉、枫桦等	1.0∶3.0∶6.0	顶极树种占据优势,伴生树种与顶极树种进行生存竞争,先锋树种不再占据优势
阔叶红松云杉混交林 mixed broadleaf forest of Pinus koraiensis and P. asperata	7	18 587.81	25.8	白桦、山杨、榆树、杂木	椴树、色木槭	红松、臭松、云杉等	3.0∶3.0∶4.0	该地带的顶极群落,针阔混交林保持稳定结构,实现顶极、伴生和先锋树种共生
合计total		71 915.14	100

表2

表3

图3

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主要树种 main tree species	所在小班数 number of subcompartment	纯林数量 number of pure forests	混交林数量 number of mixed forests	主要树种 main tree species	所在小班数 number of subcompartment	纯林数量 number of pure forests	混交林数量 number of mixed forests
臭松Abies nephrolepis	659	0	659	朝鲜柳Salix koreensis	18	2	16
枫桦Betula costata	273	0	273	落叶松Larix gmelinii	90	2	88
红松Pinus koraiensis	503	0	503	胡桃楸Juglans mandshurica	3	0	3
云杉Picea asperata	260	0	260	蒙古栎Quercus mongolica	1 493	145	1 348
水曲柳Fraxinus mandschurica	46	0	46	樟子松P. sylvestris var mongolica	3	0	3
色木槭Acer mono	48	0	48	榆树Ulmus pumila	205	5	200
椴树Tilia tuan	562	0	562	黄菠萝Phellodendron amurense	2	0	2
山杨Populus davidiana	263	1	262	杂木miscellaneous	161	5	156
白桦B. platyphylla	535	2	533	总计total	5 124	162	4 962

林分类型代码 stand type code	林分年龄/a stand age	平均胸径/cm average DBH	平均树高/m mean height	每公顷蓄积量/ (m³·hm^-2) volume per unit area	总蓄积量/ ×10⁴ m³ total volume	每公顷株数/ (株·hm^-2) number of trees per unit area
1	42.5	14.98	13.29	105.65	54.27	1 055
2	49.0	17.49	14.49	163.30	199.89	1 089
3	56.0	16.09	13.96	160.80	207.04	1 322
4	54.5	17.04	14.09	125.33	7.22	959
5	62.0	17.83	15.44	160.93	3.14	1 050
6	62.5	18.36	15.19	130.33	290.67	805
7	72.5	19.33	16.12	168.61	313.41	901

基于TWINSPAN分类的汪清县温带森林发育演替阶段分析

Analyses of the temperate forests development and succession stage in Wangqing County based on TWINSPAN

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