Abstract: 【Objective】Reveal the phenotypic diversity and geographical variation patterns of Osmanthus fragrans.【Method】Cluster analysis variance analysis and correlation analysis were used to study the leaf phenotypic traits of 26 O. fragrans populations, the flower phenotypic traits of 9 O. fragrans populations, and their variability and correlation with geographical-climatic factors. 【Result】The phenotypic traits of O. fragrans were variable and there were differences in the degree of variation of the eight leaf characteristics. According to the results of the analysis of variance, the phenotypic variation was 75.04% among populations and 13.28% within populations. The main source of variation was from among the populations. In terms of the regions, the average coefficient of variation was 19.08%, and the largest coefficient of variation occurred in the Guihua Town population(29.73%)from the Hubei Province, while the Fuziba population from the Guizhou Province was the smallest(13.68%). In terms of floral phenotypes, the number of inflorescences and pedicels showed the greatest degree of discrepancies. O. fragrans has significant or extremely significant correlations with seven environmental impact factors, such as the latitude, longitude, temperature seasonality, and max temperature of the warmest month. There was a significant or extremely significant correlation between all types of traits. The apex angle of the leaves showed a trend of decreasing from west to east, while the petal traits showed an increasing trend from south to north. The cluster analysis results showed that 26 populations could be clearly divided into 3 groups.【Conclusion】There is a high degree of variation and a rich diversity in the phenotypic traits of O. fragrans. Additionally, O. fragrans are closely related to geo-climatic factors. These results can lay the foundation for the protection and innovation of O. fragrans germplasm resources.