JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 227-234.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202002035
Previous Articles Next Articles
LIU Hao1,2(), LIU Can2, LIU Junchang1,*(
)
Received:
2020-02-24
Accepted:
2020-10-11
Online:
2021-01-30
Published:
2021-02-01
Contact:
LIU Junchang
E-mail:6hao1121@163.com;liujunchang@vip.sina.com
CLC Number:
LIU Hao, LIU Can, LIU Junchang. Effects of the sloping land conversion program impact on the rural households’ income and consumption inequalities in China[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(1): 227-234.
Table 1
Definition and descriptive statistics of main variables"
项目 item | 变量 variables | 定义definition |
---|---|---|
退耕还林工程SLCP | S | 参加退耕(是=1;否=0)participate in the SLCP (yes=1; otherwise=0) |
生产要素投入 production factors input | P1 | 耕地面积(hm2)area of cropland |
P2 | 林地面积(hm2)area of forest land | |
P3 | 以土地为基础的劳动力投入(人·d)land-based labor input | |
P4 | 以土地为基础的生产费用(元)land-based production expenditure | |
P5 | 非农劳动力投入(人·d)off-farm labor input | |
收入income | R1 | 以土地为基础的收入(元)land-based income |
R2 | 非农收入(元)off-farm income | |
消费consumption | C | 消费(元)total consumption |
市场因素 market factors | M1 | 农产品价格指数(1995年为1)price index of agricultural products (which in 1995 is 1) |
M2 | 林产品价格指数(1995年为1)price index of forest products (which in 1995 is 1) | |
M3 | 劳动力价格指数(1995年为1)price index of employing labor (which in 1995 is 1) | |
M4 | 银行1年期存款基准利率(%)interest rate of bank’s 1-year deposits | |
其他政策 other policies | O1 | 种植业税费(补贴视为负项税)(元)tax-fee of agricultural production |
O2 | 林业税费(补贴视为负项税)(元)tax-fee of forestry production | |
家庭特征 family characteristics | F1 | 家庭人口(人)household size |
F2 | 户主年龄(岁)age of the household head | |
F3 | 户主受教育年限(a)education year of the household head | |
F4 | 户主是干部(是=1;否=0)whether the household head is a cadre (yes=1; otherwise=0) | |
村庄特征 village characteristics | V1 | 村庄到县城的距离(km)distance from village to county |
V2 | 村庄道路状况(硬化=1;否则=0)road conditions (hard surface=1; otherwise=0) | |
V3 | 村级平均消费支出(元)average consumption expenditure of the village |
Table 2
Estimation results of the consumption model"
变量 variables | 所有样本 all samples | 较低收入 lower level | 中等收入 middle level | 较高收入 higher level |
---|---|---|---|---|
R3 | 0.34***(0.01) | 0.39***(0.01) | 0.29***(0.01) | 0.26***(0.01) |
R4 | 0.01***(0.00) | 0.02***(0.00) | 0.01***(0.00) | 0.01***(0.00) |
R5 | 0.14***(0.01) | 0.16***(0.02) | 0.05**(0.02) | 0.06***(0.02) |
R6 | 0.02***(0.00) | 0.02***(0.00) | 0.01(0.01) | 0.01*(0.00) |
Table 3
Impacts of the SLCP on permanent income, transitory income and consumption 元"
年度 year | 所有样本 all samples | 长江流域 Yangtze River Basin | 黄河流域 Yellow River Basin | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔR3 | ΔR4 | ΔR5 | ΔR6 | ΔR3 | ΔR4 | ΔR5 | ΔR6 | ΔR3 | ΔR4 | ΔR5 | ΔR6 | |
1999 | 12.17 | -4.54 | 1.37 | 0.34 | 2.16 | -3.04 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 41.23 | 6.50 | 2.95 | 1.47 |
2003 | 93.81 | -21.72 | 26.30 | 3.84 | 21.00 | -39.65 | 11.14 | 1.81 | 216.19 | 12.97 | 42.44 | 4.18 |
2007 | 136.23 | -40.05 | 48.55 | 13.98 | 27.69 | -61.95 | 18.88 | 5.22 | 379.42 | 32.00 | 97.74 | 30.99 |
2011 | 146.13 | -38.21 | 81.05 | 19.11 | 30.19 | -59.66 | 28.29 | 7.62 | 395.58 | 30.12 | 200.38 | 36.74 |
2016 | 185.77 | -35.52 | 135.96 | 21.36 | 35.34 | -54.29 | 51.99 | 9.21 | 573.72 | 28.84 | 283.94 | 33.12 |
年度 year | 所有样本 all samples | 长江流域 Yangtze River Basin | 黄河流域 Yellow River Basin | |||||||||
ΔC3 | ΔC4 | ΔC5 | ΔC6 | ΔC3 | ΔC4 | ΔC5 | ΔC6 | ΔC3 | ΔC4 | ΔC5 | ΔC6 | |
1999 | 4.18 | -0.44 | 0.63 | 0.16 | 0.64 | -0.81 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 11.98 | 0.28 | 1.50 | 0.37 |
2003 | 35.98 | -3.81 | 5.39 | 1.35 | 6.23 | -7.82 | 2.07 | 0.92 | 81.44 | 1.90 | 10.17 | 2.54 |
2007 | 66.81 | -7.08 | 10.02 | 2.50 | 10.82 | -13.58 | 3.60 | 1.60 | 174.79 | 4.09 | 21.83 | 5.45 |
2011 | 92.27 | -9.78 | 13.83 | 3.46 | 13.74 | -17.24 | 4.57 | 2.03 | 279.35 | 6.53 | 34.89 | 8.71 |
2016 | 115.12 | -12.20 | 17.26 | 4.31 | 18.87 | -23.69 | 6.28 | 2.79 | 294.14 | 6.87 | 36.74 | 9.17 |
Table 4
Contributions of the SLCP to income and consumption inequalities"
年度 year | 收入基尼系数 income GINI GR | 所有样本/% all samples | 长江流域/% Yangtze River Basin | 黄河流域/% Yellow River Basin | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 0.36 | 0.12 | -0.09 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | -0.05 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.06 |
2003 | 0.35 | 1.10 | -0.51 | 0.72 | 0.14 | 0.26 | -0.77 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 3.15 | 0.62 | 1.44 | 0.17 |
2007 | 0.36 | 1.19 | -0.99 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.24 | -1.56 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 3.70 | 1.15 | 1.56 | 1.11 |
2011 | 0.40 | 1.05 | -1.13 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.23 | -1.59 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 3.26 | 0.71 | 1.45 | 1.07 |
2016 | 0.43 | 0.96 | -0.99 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 0.18 | -1.47 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 3.05 | 0.50 | 1.34 | 0.83 |
年度 year | 消费基尼系数 consumption GINI GC | 所有样本/% all samples | 长江流域/% Yangtze River Basin | 黄河流域/% Yellow River Basin | |||||||||
1999 | 0.31 | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | -0.07 | 0.00 | -0.01 | 0.00 |
2003 | 0.31 | 0.75 | -0.08 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.13 | -0.16 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.98 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.06 |
2007 | 0.31 | 1.01 | -0.11 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.18 | -0.23 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 3.05 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.06 |
2011 | 0.33 | 0.86 | -0.10 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.13 | -0.16 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 2.84 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.09 |
2016 | 0.33 | 0.80 | -0.09 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.13 | -0.16 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 2.50 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.08 |
[1] | ATKINSON A B. Inequality: what can be done?[M] Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015. |
[2] | 李实. 中国个人收入分配研究回顾与展望[R]. 北京:中国社会科学院经济研究所, 2002. |
LI S. A review of income inequality in China[R]. Beijing: Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2002. | |
[3] | 国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴2018[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2019. |
National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook 2018 [M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2019. | |
[4] | NOLAN B. Income inequality and public policy[J]. Journal of Public Policy, 2009,40(3):315-316. DOI: 10.1177/1741659009346020. |
[5] |
GLOMM G, KAGANOVICH M. Social security, public education and the growth-inequality relationship[J]. Eur Econ Rev, 2008,52(6):1009-1034. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2007.10.002.
doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2007.10.002 |
[6] |
JERRIM J, MACMILLAN L. Income inequality, intergenerational mobility, and the great gatsby curve: is education the key?[J]. Soc Forces, 2015,94(2):505-533. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sov075.
doi: 10.1093/sf/sov075 |
[7] |
PEROTTI R. Income distribution, fiscal policy, and delays in stabilization[J]. J Policy Reform, 1996,1(4):335-355. DOI: 10.1080/13841289608523367.
doi: 10.1080/13841289608523367 |
[8] | 谢颖, 于海峰, 许文立. 公共支出能缓解不平等吗?[J]. 财政研究, 2017(2):51-63, 72. |
XIE Y, YU H F, XU W L. Can public expenditure reduce inequality[J]. Public Finance Res, 2017(2):51-63, 72. DOI: 10.19477/j.cnki.11-1077/f.2017.02.005. | |
[9] | LIU C, MULLAN K, LIU H, et al. The estimation of long term impacts of China’s key priority forestry programs on rural household incomes[J]. J For Econ, 2014,20(3):267-285. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfe.2014.08.001. |
[10] | 国家林业和草原局. 中国林业和草原统计年鉴2018[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2019. |
National Forestry and Grassland Administration. China Forestry and Grassland statistical Yearbook 2018 [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2019. | |
[11] |
LI J, FELDMAN M W, LI S, et al. Rural household income and inequality under the sloping land conversion program in western China[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011,108(19):7721-7726. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101018108.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1101018108 pmid: 21518856 |
[12] | 刘璨. 林业重点工程对样本农户收入不平等影响的分解与分析[J]. 经济理论与经济管理, 2010(10):67-73. |
LIU C. The decomposition and analysis of the impact of priority forest programs (PFPS) on rural households’ income inequality[J]. Econ Theory Bus Manag, 2010(10):67-73. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-596X.2010.10.010. | |
[13] |
LIU T, LIU C, LIU H, et al. Did the key priority forestry programs affect income inequality in rural China?[J]. Land Use Policy, 2014,38:264-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.11.016.
doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.11.016 |
[14] | 曲兆鹏, 赵忠. 老龄化对我国农村消费和收入不平等的影响[J]. 经济研究, 2008,43(12):85-99, 149. |
QU Z P, ZHAO Z. The effect of population aging on consumption and income inequality in rural China[J]. Econ Res J, 2008,43(12):85-99, 149. DOI: 10.1021/ma201263z | |
[15] |
BLUNDELL R, PRESTON I. Consumption inequality and income uncertainty[J]. Q J Econ, 1998,113(2):603-640. DOI: 10.1162/003355398555694.
doi: 10.1162/003355398555694 |
[16] |
MEYER B D, SULLIVAN J X. Measuring the well-being of the poor using income and consumption[J]. J Hum Resour, 2003,38(1):1180-1220. DOI: 10.2307/3558985.
doi: 10.2307/3558985 |
[17] | CUTLER D, KATZ L. Rising inequality? changes in the distribution of income and consumption in the 1980s[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.DOI: 10.3386/w3964. |
[18] | KRUEGER D, PERRI F. Does income inequality lead to consumption inequality?evidence and theory[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.DOI: 10.3386/w9202. |
[19] |
FISHER J D, JOHNSON D, SMEEDING T M. Measuring the trends in inequality of individuals and families: income and consumption[J]. Am Econ Rev, 2013,103(3):184-188. DOI: 10.1257/aer.103.3.184.
doi: 10.1257/aer.103.3.184 |
[20] | 刘浩, 刘璨. 退耕还林工程对农民持久收入与消费影响的研究[J]. 制度经济学研究, 2012(1):16-47. |
LIU H, LIU C. Research on the impact of the sloping land conversion program on farmers’ permanent income and consumption[J]. Res Institutional Econ, 2012 (1):16-47. | |
[21] | FRIEDMAN M. Theory of the consumption function [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957. DOI: 10.1515/9780691188485. |
[22] | 刘浩. 林业重点工程对农民持久收入的影响研究[J]. 林业经济, 2013,35(12):75-82. |
LIU H. An estimation of the effects of China’s sloping land conversion program on farmers’ permanent income and consumption[J]. For Econ, 2013,35(12):75-82. DOI: 10.13843/j.cnki.lyjj.2013.12.018. | |
[23] |
LIU C, LV J, YIN R. An estimation of the effects of China’s priority forestry programs on farmers’ income[J]. Environ Manage, 2010,45(3):526-540. DOI: 10.1007/s00267-010-9433-2.
doi: 10.1007/s00267-010-9433-2 |
[24] |
YIN R, LIU H, LIU C, et al. Households’ decisions to participate in China’s sloping land conversion program and reallocate their labour times: is there endogeneity bias?[J]. Ecol Econ, 2018,145:380-390. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.020.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.020 |
[25] |
DEATON A, PAXSON C. Intertemporal choice and inequality[J]. J Political Econ, 1994,102(3):437-467. DOI: 10.1086/261941.
doi: 10.1086/261941 |
[26] |
THALER R H. Mental accounting and consumer choice[J]. Mark Sci, 2008,27(1):15-25. DOI: 10.1287/mksc.1070.0330.
doi: 10.1287/mksc.1070.0330 |
[27] | 张秋惠, 刘金星. 中国农村居民收入结构对其消费支出行为的影响:基于1997—2007年的面板数据分析[J]. 中国农村经济, 2010(4):48-54. |
ZHANG Q H, LIU J X. The impacts of income structure on consumption expenditure of rural residents in China:an analysis based on 1997-2007 panel data[J]. Chin Rural Econ, 2010(4):48-54. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2010.01351. | |
[28] | THUNEN J H. Isolated state: An English edition of der isolierte staat[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966. |
[29] | GREENE W. Econometric analysis[M]. 5th ed. Englewood: Prentice Hall, 2003. |
[30] | ATTANASIO O, BROWNING M. Consumption over the life cycle and over the business cycle[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.DOI: 10.3386/w4453. |
[31] |
KRAAY A. Household saving in China[J]. World Bank Econ Rev, 2000,14(3):545-570. DOI: 10.1093/wber/14.3.545.
doi: 10.1093/wber/14.3.545 |
[32] |
PYATT G, CHEN C N, FEI J. The distribution of income by factor components[J]. Q J Econ, 1980,95(3):451-473. DOI: 10.2307/1885088.
doi: 10.2307/1885088 |
[1] | LIU Yandi, ZHANG Cheng, SUN Zhe, LYU Jiehua. An analysis of the spatial and temporal correlation effects of forestry labor productivity and its influencing factors in China [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(6): 229-238. |
[2] | PAN Lei, XIONG Lichun, YAO Yuchen, LIANG Zhao, ZHU Zhen. The export efficiency and potential capacity of China’s forest products to RCEP member countries [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(1): 237-247. |
[3] | LUO Yiyi, LI Lingchao, CHENG Baodong. The impact of economic growth on forest fragmentation: a case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in China [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(1): 227-236. |
[4] | YANG Meng, PENG Hongjun. Strategies for risk-averse forestry enterprises under the put option contract [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(4): 244-252. |
[5] | LUO Shunlan, HU Yuan, ZENG Weizhong, ZHENG Wenxue. Rural economic welfare effects of forest carbon sink projects from a relative perspective [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(4): 253-261. |
[6] | YU Honghong, YANG Jiameng. Estimation and spatio-temperal evolution on eco-efficiency of forest in China [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(2): 167-177. |
[7] | CHEN Xingliang. The origin, development and propspect of Non-timber Forest-based Economics [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(6): 105-114. |
[8] | PENG Hongjun, XU Xiao, YU Xiaoping. A review of the value realization path of forestry carbon sink products [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(6): 177-186. |
[9] | LI Chaohong, WEI Wei, JIANG Yu. Performance evaluation and obstacle factor screening of Natural Forest Protection Project area in Heilongjiang Province [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(5): 201-212. |
[10] | SONG Ye, PENG Hongjun, SUN Mingjun. Internal financing mechanisms of wood forest product supply chain under the cap-and-trade scheme [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(6): 232-238. |
[11] | XUE Beibei, TIAN Guoshuang. Analysis of comprehensive benefits and influencing factors based on the combined economic value of carbon sequestration and timber benefits [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(2): 205-212. |
[12] | JIANG Zhan, CAI Zhijian, QIN Xi. Optimization of forestry production factors from the perspective of ecological performance growth [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(6): 159-164. |
[13] | LI Chaohong, ZHAO Xiaohong. Study on the coordinated development of ecological construction and economic transformation in state-owned forest region of forest industry in Heilongjiang Province [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(02): 144-152. |
[14] | SHEN Jie, YANG Zhongyue, QIAO Jiliang. Prediction and analysis of China's forestry output value based on seasonal time series model [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2018, 42(05): 185-190. |
[15] | MA Renfeng, HOU Bo, DOU Simin, WANG Tengfei. Model construction and application of forest resource assets key auditcity [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2018, 42(04): 46-52. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||