Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.201909016

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 103-110.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.201909016

Previous Articles Next Articles

Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species

WU Hong¹(), YAN Liping², LI Chengzhong¹^,^*(), XIA Qun¹, ZHOU Xia¹, ZHAO Baoyuan¹

1. Landscape and Horticulture College,Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College,Taizhou 225300,China
2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetic Improvement, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Ji’nan 250014,China

Received:2019-09-08 Accepted:2020-10-29 Online:2021-03-30 Published:2021-04-09
Contact: LI Chengzhong E-mail:wh02gs@126.com;55942099@qq.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to explore the correlation between samara characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics and provide theoretical reference for further study on the mechanism of wind dispersal and population expansion of Acer samaras, characteristics of 15 Acer species samaras were studied.【Method】The 1 000-grain-weight, seed length, seed width, wing length, wing width, angle of samara , ratio of seed length to width, ratio of seed length to wing length and the dispersal characteristics (settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance) of 15 Acer samara were studied by simulation experiments, and the correlation between samara characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics was compared.【Result】① The angle of samara had the greatest influence on settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance, while the seed width had the weakest influence. ② The samara settlement velocity ranged from 69.14 to 224.06 cm/s; the slowest was Acer flabellatum and the fastest was Acer negundo. The horizontal dispersal distance also varied, and the farthest was Acer negundo and the nearest was Acer flabellatum. ③ The samara settlement velocity was positively correlated with seed length, wing length, wing width, ratio of seed length to width, and ratio of seed length to wing length, and negatively correlated with the angle of samara and seed width. The horizontal dispersal distance was negatively correlated with the angle of samara, seed length, wing length, wing width, ratio of seed length to width, and ratio of seed length to wing length, but positively correlated with seed width. The horizontal dispersal distance was negatively correlated with the samara settlement velocity. Samara settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance were affected by many morphological indexes. ④ Principal component analysis of eight samara characters of 15 species of Acer showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 82.911%. The genetic relationship of 15 Acer species was examined via cluster analysis of eight traits, when euclidean distance is 10, 15 Acer species can be divided into 4 groups.【Conclusion】The correlation analysis showed that the effects of samara morphological characteristics on settlement velocity were as follows: angle of samara > ratio of seed length to wing length > seed length > wing length > ratio of seed length to width > wing width > seed width. The horizontal dispersal distance of samara is restricted by many factors. The 1 000 seed mass, angle of samara, and ratio of seed length to wing length can be used as important factors for the classification of Acer.

Key words: Acer, samara characters, settlement velocity, horizontal dispersal distance, principal component analysis, cluster analysis

CLC Number:

S718

WU Hong, YAN Liping, LI Chengzhong, XIA Qun, ZHOU Xia, ZHAO Baoyuan. Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(2): 103-110.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Table 1

Statistical analyses of samara morphological characteristics of fifteen Acer species"

树种 species	千粒质量/g 1 000-grain mass	种子长度/ mm seed length	种子宽度/ mm seed width	果翅长度/ mm wing length	果翅宽度/ mm wing width	两翅张开角度 angle of samara	种子长宽比 ratio of seed length to width	种子长/果翅长 ratio of seed length to wing length
秀丽槭A. legantulum	42.50±0.39 ff	4.82±0.19 fgFG	4.45±0.19 cdCDE	11.44±0.27 eE	5.73±0.24 efEF	90.00±4.58 efDE	1.09±0.01 fgEFG	0.34±0.02 fgEFGH
扇叶槭A. labellatum	38.44±0.31 gG	5.46±0.30 eEF	3.57±0.12 ff	12.51±0.42 dD	6.63±0.13 cdeCDE	106.67±6.03 cd	1.53±0.11 bcde	0.31±0.01 ghFGHI
罗浮槭A. fabri	16.38±0.17 mM	2.93±0.03 iH	2.81±0.08 gG	2.34±0.16 jJ	4.19±0.03 hGH	79.33±7.09 gEF	1.05±0.03 gFG	0.28±0.02 hI
羽毛槭A. palmatum var. dissectum	13.52±0.14 nN	3.60±0.52 hH	2.17±0.04 hG	7.82±0.20 gG	4.10±0.22 hH	100.67±5.03 dCD	1.66±0.23 bcBCD	0.36±0.04 fDEFG
青榨槭 A. davidii	65.51±0.15 aA	7.54±0.26 cC	5.55±0.38 aA	15.56±0.47 bB	6.60±0.56 cdeCDE	120.67±8.33 bB	1.37±0.14 eDEF	0.38±0.01 defDE
建始槭A. henryi	25.24±0.27 jJ	6.59±0.45 dD	4.77±0.10 cBC	10.25±0.09 ff	7.54±0.28 bcdBCD	68.67±0.58 hFG	1.38±0.09 eCDEF	0.41±0.03 cdeCD
毛果槭A. nikoense	28.41±0.27 iI	5.30±0.20 efEF	2.16±0.08 hG	11.45±0.40 eE	8.36±0.21 bB	33.67±4.51 kI	2.45±0.03 aA	0.30±0.01 ghGHI
细叶槭A.leptophyllum	20.09±0.18 lL	4.41±0.19 gG	2.67±0.12 ghG	5.43±0.48 iI	3.66±0.30 hH	108.33±8.14 cd	1.65±0.07 bcdBCD	0.53±0.05 aA
小鸡爪槭A. almatum var. thunbergii	22.49±0.32 kK	3.56±0.12 hH	2.55±0.13 ghG	8.35±0.33 gG	4.60±0.08 ghFGH	43.00±1.00 jkI	1.40±0.11 deCDE	0.31±0.00 ghFGHI
五裂槭A. liverianum	48.15±0.08 dD	5.76±0.02 eE	3.87±0.02 efDEF	14.60±0.19 cC	9.67±0.35 aA	83.33±6.43 fgE	1.49±0.01 cdeBCD	0.30±0.01 hHI
五角槭A. mono	31.52±0.23 hH	6.54±0.14 dD	3.73±0.14 efEF	10.41±0.33 ff	5.39±0.37 fgEFG	99.67±4.04 deCD	1.76±0.06 bB	0.36±0.03 efDEF
茶条槭A. ginnalum	44.52±0.18 eE	8.31±0.21 bB	4.85±0.12 bcABC	11.68±0.32 eE	8.25±0.27 bB	149.67±1.53 aA	1.72±0.09 bcBC	0.45±0.02 bcBC
庙台槭A. iaotaiense	53.27±1.61 cC	4.51±0.36 gG	5.39±0.18 abAB	6.37±0.35 hH	6.47±0.32 defDE	57.67±3.51 iGH	0.84±0.10 gG	0.41±0.04 cdCD
三角槭A. buergerianum	24.68±0.22 jJ	5.30±0.12 efEF	4.17±1.10 deCDEF	13.03±0.73 dD	7.64±0.16 bcBCD	113.33±14.36 bcBC	1.32±0.31 efDEF	0.41±0.01 cdeCD
梣叶槭A. negundo	58.24±0.11 bB	10.71±0.82 aA	4.55±0.32 cdCD	19.35±0.37 aA	7.83±0.91 bBC	44.07±2.25 jHI	2.37±0.36 aA	0.47±0.04 bAB

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Fig.2

References 27

[1]	WILLSON M F, RICE B L, WESTOBY M. Seed dispersal spectra:a comparison of temperate plant communities[J]. J Veg Sci, 1990,1(4):547-562.DOI: 10.2307/3235789.
[2]	HUGHES L, DUNLOP M, FRENCH K, et al. Predicting dispersal spectra:a minimal set of hypotheses based on plant attributes[J]. J Ecol, 1994,82(4):933.DOI: 10.2307/2261456.
[3]	QUINN R M, LAWTON J H, EVERSHAM B C, et al. The biogeography of scarce vascular plants in Britain with respect to habitat preference,dispersal ability and reproductive biology[J]. Biol Conserv, 1994,70(2):149-157.DOI: 10.1016/0006-3207(94)90283-6.
[4]	HOVESTADT T, YAO P, LINSENMAIR K E. Seed dispersal mechanisms and the vegetation of forest islands in a west African forest-savanna mosaic (Comoé National Park,Ivory Coast)[J]. Plant Ecol, 1999,144(1):1-25.DOI: 10.1023/A:1009764031116.
[5]	ANDERSEN M. Mechanistic models for the seed shadows of wind-dispersed plants[J]. Am Nat, 1991,137(4):476-497.DOI: 10.1086/285178.
[6]	VAN DORP D, VAN DEN HOEK W P M, DALEBOUDT C. Seed dispersal capacity of six perennial grassland species measured in a wind tunnel at varying wind speed and height[J]. Can J Bot, 1996,74(12):1956-1963.DOI: 10.1139/b96-234.
[7]	KIVINIEMI K, TELENIUS A. Experiments on adhesive dispersal by wood mouse:seed shadows and dispersal distances of 13 plant species from cultivated areas in southern Sweden[J]. Ecography, 1998,21(2):108-116.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00664.x.
[8]	吴建国, 徐天莹. 模拟未来气候变化对东北6种蒲公英种子风传播距离的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018,37(3):914-928.
	WU J G, XU T Y. The impacts of simulated climate change on seed dispersal distance by wind for six dandelion species in northeast China[J]. Chin J Ecol, 2018,37(3):914-928.DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.201803.001.
[9]	TACKENBERG O, POSCHLOD P, BONN S. Assessment of wind dispersal potential in plant species[J]. Ecol Monogr, 2003,73(2):191-205.DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0191:AOWDPI]2.0.CO;2.
[10]	戴志聪, 杜道林, 司春灿, 等. 用扫描仪及Image J软件精确测量叶片形态数量特征的方法[J]. 广西植物, 2009,29(3):342-347.
	DAI Z C, DU D L, SI C C, et al. A method to exactly measure the morphological quantity of leaf using Scanner and Image J Software[J]. Guihaia, 2009,29(3):342-347.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3142.2009.03.013.
[11]	SHELDON J C, BURROWS F M. The dispersal effectiveness of the achene-pappus units of selected compositae in steady winds with convection[J]. New Phytol, 1973,72(3):665-675.DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1973.tb04415.x.
[12]	王季槐, SVEND C, PREBEN K H, 等. 杂草种子空间扩散模型的建立[J]. 贵州科学, 2004,22(2):1-4.
	WANG J H, SVEND C, PREBEN K H, et al. The establishment of spatial models for weed seed dispersal[J]. Guizhou Sci, 2004,22(2):1-4.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6563.2004.02.001.
[13]	高振华, 张玉强, 田林土, 等. 不同造林密度杉木速生丰产林经济效益主成分分析及政策优化[J]. 南京林业大学学报, 1996,20(3):78-83.
	GAO Z H, ZHANG Y Q, TIAN L T, et al. Principal component analysis and policy optimization for the economic effect of different density fast growth and high production Chinese fir forest[J]. J Nanjing For Univ, 1996,20(3):78-83.
[14]	徐廷志. 翅果形态及其在槭树科分类与演化上的意义[J]. 广西植物, 1996(2):109-122.
[15]	潘燕, 王帅, 王崇云, 等. 云南松与云南油杉种子风力传播特征比较[J]. 植物分类与资源学报, 2014,36(3):403-410.
	PAN Y, WANG S, WANG C Y, et al. Comparison of seed weed-dispersed characteristics between Pinus yunnanensis and Keteleeria evelyniana[J]. Plant Divers Resour, 2014,36(3):403-410.
[16]	郭强, 朱敏, 徐勒, 等. 五种杂草种子沉降速度[J]. 生态学杂志, 2008,27(4):519-523.
	GUO Q, ZHU M, XU L, et al. Seed settlement velocity of five weed species[J]. Chin J Ecol, 2008,27(4):519-523.
[17]	SCHULZ B, DÖRING J, GOTTSBERGER G. Apparatus for measuring the fall velocity of anemochorous diaspores,with results from two plant communities[J]. Oecologia, 1991,86(3):454-456.DOI: 10.1007/BF00317616.
[18]	COUSENS R, DYTHAM C, LAW R. Dispersal in plants: a population perspective[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
[19]	诸葛晓龙, 朱敏, 郭强. 线性及机理模型的种子风传扩散距离预测[J]. 中国计量学院学报, 2011,22(2):181-184.
	ZHUGE X L, ZHU M, GUO Q. Prediction of wind dispersal distance of seeds based on linear and mechanistic models[J]. J China Jiliang Univ, 2011,22(2):181-184.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1540.2011.02.017.
[20]	杨允菲, 祝玲. 松嫩平原碱化草甸野大麦的种子散布格局[J]. 植物学报, 1994(8):636-644.
	YANG Y F, ZHU L. Pattern of a seed dispersal of Hordeum brevisubulatum on alkalized meadow in the Songnen Plain of China[J]. Acta Bot Sin, 1994(8):636-644.
[21]	CAIN M L, DAMMAN H, MUIR A. Seed dispersal and the Holocene migration of woodland herbs[J]. Ecol Monogr, 1998,68(3):325-347.DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(1998)068[0325:SDATHM]2.0.CO;2.
[22]	WERNER P A. A seed trap for determining patterns of seed deposition in terrestrial plants[J]. Can J Bot, 1975,53(8):810-813.DOI: 10.1139/b75-097.
[23]	HARPER J L. Population biology of plants[J]. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1977.
[24]	HOWE H F, SMALLWOOD J. Ecology of seed dispersal[J]. Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 1982,13(1):201-228.DOI: 10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001221.
[25]	RABINOWITZ D. Abundance and diaspore weight in rare and common prairie grasses[J]. Oecologia, 1978,37(2):213-219.DOI: 10.1007/bf00344992.
[26]	罗靖德, 甘小洪, 贾晓娟, 等. 濒危植物水青树种子的生物学特性[J]. 云南植物研究, 2010,32(3):204-210.
	LUO J D, GAN X H, JIA X J, et al. Biological characteristics of seeds of endangered plant Tetracentron sinense(Tetracentraceae)[J]. Acta Bot Yunnanica, 2010,32(3):204-210.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1143.2010.09233.
[27]	谭珂, 董书鹏, 卢涛, 等. 被子植物翅果的多样性及演化[J]. 植物生态学报, 2018,42(8):806-817.
	TAN K, DONG S P, LU T, et al. Diversity and evolution of samara in angiosperm[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018,42(8):806-817.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0053.

Related Articles 15

[1]	ZHAO Jinman, HAN Xinyue, CHENG Ruiming, ZHANG Zhidong. Health assessment of Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in Saihanba Nature Reserve [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(3): 199-206.
[2]	ZHAO Zhiqiang, XU Xiaolong, YUAN Qing, WU Yan. Landscape pattern evolution and driving factors of Songhua River wetland in Harbin [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(2): 219-226.
[3]	PENG Zhongtao, GUO Jiaxing, WANG Yixuan, WANG Lei, JIN Guangze, LIU Zhili. Variation and correlation analysis of leaf traits of three Acer species in different growth periods in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains of northeast China [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(1): 131-139.
[4]	CHENG Wenqiang, XU Yang, WU Kaiyun, ZHAO Xianmin, GONG Bangchu. Comparison of three comprehensive evaluation methods to evaluate the quality of persimmon fruit [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(4): 61-72.
[5]	MA Qiuyue, WANG Yuxiao, LI Qianzhong, LI Shushun, WEN Jing, ZHU Lu, YAN Kunyuan, DU Yiming, XIE Zhijun, LI Shuxian, OUYANG Fangqun, LU Chengdai. Estimation of genome sizes of six Acer species by flow cytometry and K-mer analysis [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(1): 163-170.
[6]	CHEN Han, WANG Dongsheng, BAI Bing, LI Jiafeng, CHEN Kexin, CHENG Beibei. Phenotypic diversity of 21 Hibiscus cultivars [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(3): 117-126.
[7]	JI Linlin, CHEN Suchuan, WU Zhihui, CHANG Jun, TAO Rupeng, ZHOU Misheng, CAI Xinling. Variation and cluster analysis on the main economic characters and nutrients of fruit from Carya cathayensis and C. dabieshanensis fine trees [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(1): 131-137.
[8]	ZHANG Heng, CUI Mengran, SHAN Yanlong, WANG Fei. Study on flammability of herbaceous fuel in typical grassland of China-Mongolia border [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(5): 171-177.
[9]	BAI Wenyu, FENG Maosong, TIE Liehua, WANG Yalin, GAO Jiaxiang, LAI Juan, DAI Xiaokang. Biomass and its allocation characteristics of one-year-old grafted seedlings of different clones of Alnus ledgeriana [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(2): 87-95.
[10]	FENG Yuanyuan, LI Qingying, HUANG Junhua, HU Shaoqing. Numerical classification of 25 color-leafed Osmanthus fragrans clones (cultivars) [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(1): 107-115.
[11]	WANG Aibin, SONG Huifang, ZHANG Liuyang, ZHANG Ming, YANG Shiwen, ZHANG Lingyun. Effects of bio-organic and microbial fertilizers on growth and soil nutrients of Vaccinium spp. seedlings [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(6): 63-70.
[12]	ZHANG Yiwen, GUO Aodong, WU Hailong, YUAN Hongwu, DONG Yunchun. Seasonal prediction of PM_2.5 based on the PCA-BP neural network [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(5): 231-238.
[13]	YUE Zhi, YING Tianhui, MA Qun. Algorithm and quantization in historical garden research in Xinghua Village, Nanjing, in the Ming and Qing dynasties [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(5): 25-33.
[14]	QIAO Dongya, WANG Peng, WANG Shu’an, LI Linfang, GAO Lulu, YANG Rutong, WANG Qing, LI Ya. Genetic diversity analysis of Lagerstroemia germplasm resourcesbased on SNP markers [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(4): 18-25.
[15]	WANG Lei, XU Jiachen, ZHU Pengfei, LI Jiayan, ZHANG Heng. Physical and chemical properties and combustibility of predominant landscape tree species in Hohhot, China [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(3): 74-80.

Metrics

Comments

www.nldxb.njfu.edu.cn

Edited ＆ Published by Editorial Department of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition)
Address： No.159 Longpan Road,Nanjing 210037 Jiangsu,P.R.China
E-mail ：xuebao@njfu.edu.cn , xuebao@njfu.com.cn
Telephone +86-25-85428247,85427076
Distributed by China International Book Trading Corporation P.O. Box 399, Beijing ,P.R. China

树种 species	沉降速度/(cm·s^-1) settlement velocity	水平传播距离/cm horizontal dispersal distance
树种 species	沉降速度/(cm·s^-1) settlement velocity	1 m/s	3 m/s	5 m/s
秀丽槭A. elegantulum	116.76±2.10 ff	25.34±0.38 hG	42.01±0.09 hH	64.38±0.17 iI
扇叶槭A. flabellatum	69.14±1.45 kK	36.90±0.04 aA	59.16±0.04 aA	83.15±0.07 aA
罗浮槭A. fabri	85.49±1.47 iI	33.56±0.41 dC	46.75±0.70 dD	75.28±0.24 dD
羽毛槭A. palmatum var. dissectum	106.06±2.82 gG	28.63±0.12 fE	44.63±0.24 ff	70.00±0.19 ff
青窄槭A. davidii	80.66±1.30 ijIJ	34.89±0.10 cB	49.28±0.24 cC	77.40±0.39 cC
建始槭A. henryi	130.47±2.61 eE	23.05±0.04 jI	38.28±0.38 jJ	60.56±0.22 kK
毛果槭A. nikoense	188.73±3.56 bB	16.39±0.16 mL	27.57±0.21 lL	54.30±0.32 nN
细叶槭A. leptophyllum	120.52±2.55 ff	24.46±0.29 iH	39.93±0.21 iI	62.77±0.19 jJ
小鸡爪槭A. palmatum var. thunbergii	162.17±1.52 cC	20.59±0.49 lK	27.51±0.17 lL	56.39±0.44 mM
五裂槭A. oliverianum	95.94±3.64 hH	32.83±0.57 eD	45.75±0.52 eE	73.31±0.33 eE
五角槭A. mono	109.58±3.79 gG	26.91±0.12 gF	42.50±0.30 hH	66.55±0.22 hH
茶条槭A. ginnalum	75.58±0.87 jJK	35.54±0.21 bB	52.70±0.22 bB	79.04±0.10 bB
庙台槭A. miaotaiense	147.08±2.16 dD	21.64±0.34 kJ	36.52±0.54 kK	58.30±0.93 lL
三角槭A. buergerianum	107.18±2.42 gG	27.32±0.21 gF	43.59±0.03 gG	67.35±0.09 gG
梣叶槭A. negundo	224.06±7.75 aA	15.46±0.24 nM	24.75±0.07 mM	42.38±0.22 oO

特征 characteristic	沉降速度 settlement velocity		水平传播距离 horizontal dispersal distance
	沉降速度 settlement velocity		1 m/s		3 m/s		5 m/s
	R	P	R	P	R	P	R	P
千粒质量(X₁)1 000 seed mass	0.953^**	0.000	-0.079	0.778	-0.054	0.846	-0.021	0.940
种子长度( X₂)seed length	0.264	0.341	-0.099	0.724	-0.094	0.740	-0.215	0.443
种子宽度( X₃)seed width	-0.130	0.644	0.167	0.551	0.205	0.465	0.079	0.781
果翅长度( X₄)wing length	0.233	0.403	-0.066	0.815	-0.073	0.794	-0.150	0.593
果翅宽度( X₅)wing width	0.131	0.640	-0.009	0.974	-0.012	0.964	-0.039	0.891
两翅张开角度( X₆)angle of samara	-0.826^**	0.000	0.792^**	0.000	0.833^**	0.000	0.780^**	0.000
种子长宽比( X₇)ratio of length to width	0.188	0.509	-0.432	0.107	-0.417	0.121	-0.435	0.105
种子长/果翅长( X₈)ratio of seed length to wing	0.548	0.034	-0.229	0.411	-0.131	0.640	-0.291	0.293
沉降速度(v)settlement velocity			-0.198	0.479	-0.247	0.373	-0.254	0.361

主成分 PC	初始特征值 initial eigenvalue			提取平方和载入 extract sum of squares load
主成分 PC	特征值 eigenvalue	方差贡献率/% proportion	累积贡献率/% cumulative	特征值 eigenvalue	方差贡献率/% proportion	累积贡献率/% cumulative
Z₁	3.842	48.027	48.027	3.842	48.027	48.027
Z₂	1.617	20.215	68.243	1.617	20.215	68.243
Z₃	1.173	14.669	82.911	1.173	14.669	82.911
Z₄	0.693	8.660	91.571
Z₅	0.356	4.446	96.017
Z₆	0.159	1.986	98.003
Z₇	0.125	1.567	99.571
Z₈	0.034	0.429	100.000

主成分 PC	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	X₆	X₇	X₈
Z₁	0.827	0.887	0.757	0.105	0.933	0.705	0.532	0.367
Z₂	0.195	-0.233	-0.268	0.719	-0.032	0.572	-0.661	0.414
Z₃	-0.336	-0.056	-0.299	0.232	0.231	-0.300	0.483	0.733

Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 7

References 27

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

Author

Reader

Reviewer