Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.201909016

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 103-110.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.201909016

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Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species

WU Hong¹(), YAN Liping², LI Chengzhong¹^,^*(), XIA Qun¹, ZHOU Xia¹, ZHAO Baoyuan¹

1. Landscape and Horticulture College,Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College,Taizhou 225300,China
2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetic Improvement, Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Ji’nan 250014,China

Received:2019-09-08 Accepted:2020-10-29 Online:2021-03-30 Published:2021-04-09
Contact: LI Chengzhong E-mail:wh02gs@126.com;55942099@qq.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to explore the correlation between samara characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics and provide theoretical reference for further study on the mechanism of wind dispersal and population expansion of Acer samaras, characteristics of 15 Acer species samaras were studied.【Method】The 1 000-grain-weight, seed length, seed width, wing length, wing width, angle of samara , ratio of seed length to width, ratio of seed length to wing length and the dispersal characteristics (settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance) of 15 Acer samara were studied by simulation experiments, and the correlation between samara characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics was compared.【Result】① The angle of samara had the greatest influence on settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance, while the seed width had the weakest influence. ② The samara settlement velocity ranged from 69.14 to 224.06 cm/s; the slowest was Acer flabellatum and the fastest was Acer negundo. The horizontal dispersal distance also varied, and the farthest was Acer negundo and the nearest was Acer flabellatum. ③ The samara settlement velocity was positively correlated with seed length, wing length, wing width, ratio of seed length to width, and ratio of seed length to wing length, and negatively correlated with the angle of samara and seed width. The horizontal dispersal distance was negatively correlated with the angle of samara, seed length, wing length, wing width, ratio of seed length to width, and ratio of seed length to wing length, but positively correlated with seed width. The horizontal dispersal distance was negatively correlated with the samara settlement velocity. Samara settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance were affected by many morphological indexes. ④ Principal component analysis of eight samara characters of 15 species of Acer showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 82.911%. The genetic relationship of 15 Acer species was examined via cluster analysis of eight traits, when euclidean distance is 10, 15 Acer species can be divided into 4 groups.【Conclusion】The correlation analysis showed that the effects of samara morphological characteristics on settlement velocity were as follows: angle of samara > ratio of seed length to wing length > seed length > wing length > ratio of seed length to width > wing width > seed width. The horizontal dispersal distance of samara is restricted by many factors. The 1 000 seed mass, angle of samara, and ratio of seed length to wing length can be used as important factors for the classification of Acer.

Key words: Acer, samara characters, settlement velocity, horizontal dispersal distance, principal component analysis, cluster analysis

CLC Number:

S718

WU Hong, YAN Liping, LI Chengzhong, XIA Qun, ZHOU Xia, ZHAO Baoyuan. Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(2): 103-110.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Table 1

Statistical analyses of samara morphological characteristics of fifteen Acer species"

树种 species	千粒质量/g 1 000-grain mass	种子长度/ mm seed length	种子宽度/ mm seed width	果翅长度/ mm wing length	果翅宽度/ mm wing width	两翅张开角度 angle of samara	种子长宽比 ratio of seed length to width	种子长/果翅长 ratio of seed length to wing length
秀丽槭A. legantulum	42.50±0.39 ff	4.82±0.19 fgFG	4.45±0.19 cdCDE	11.44±0.27 eE	5.73±0.24 efEF	90.00±4.58 efDE	1.09±0.01 fgEFG	0.34±0.02 fgEFGH
扇叶槭A. labellatum	38.44±0.31 gG	5.46±0.30 eEF	3.57±0.12 ff	12.51±0.42 dD	6.63±0.13 cdeCDE	106.67±6.03 cd	1.53±0.11 bcde	0.31±0.01 ghFGHI
罗浮槭A. fabri	16.38±0.17 mM	2.93±0.03 iH	2.81±0.08 gG	2.34±0.16 jJ	4.19±0.03 hGH	79.33±7.09 gEF	1.05±0.03 gFG	0.28±0.02 hI
羽毛槭A. palmatum var. dissectum	13.52±0.14 nN	3.60±0.52 hH	2.17±0.04 hG	7.82±0.20 gG	4.10±0.22 hH	100.67±5.03 dCD	1.66±0.23 bcBCD	0.36±0.04 fDEFG
青榨槭 A. davidii	65.51±0.15 aA	7.54±0.26 cC	5.55±0.38 aA	15.56±0.47 bB	6.60±0.56 cdeCDE	120.67±8.33 bB	1.37±0.14 eDEF	0.38±0.01 defDE
建始槭A. henryi	25.24±0.27 jJ	6.59±0.45 dD	4.77±0.10 cBC	10.25±0.09 ff	7.54±0.28 bcdBCD	68.67±0.58 hFG	1.38±0.09 eCDEF	0.41±0.03 cdeCD
毛果槭A. nikoense	28.41±0.27 iI	5.30±0.20 efEF	2.16±0.08 hG	11.45±0.40 eE	8.36±0.21 bB	33.67±4.51 kI	2.45±0.03 aA	0.30±0.01 ghGHI
细叶槭A.leptophyllum	20.09±0.18 lL	4.41±0.19 gG	2.67±0.12 ghG	5.43±0.48 iI	3.66±0.30 hH	108.33±8.14 cd	1.65±0.07 bcdBCD	0.53±0.05 aA
小鸡爪槭A. almatum var. thunbergii	22.49±0.32 kK	3.56±0.12 hH	2.55±0.13 ghG	8.35±0.33 gG	4.60±0.08 ghFGH	43.00±1.00 jkI	1.40±0.11 deCDE	0.31±0.00 ghFGHI
五裂槭A. liverianum	48.15±0.08 dD	5.76±0.02 eE	3.87±0.02 efDEF	14.60±0.19 cC	9.67±0.35 aA	83.33±6.43 fgE	1.49±0.01 cdeBCD	0.30±0.01 hHI
五角槭A. mono	31.52±0.23 hH	6.54±0.14 dD	3.73±0.14 efEF	10.41±0.33 ff	5.39±0.37 fgEFG	99.67±4.04 deCD	1.76±0.06 bB	0.36±0.03 efDEF
茶条槭A. ginnalum	44.52±0.18 eE	8.31±0.21 bB	4.85±0.12 bcABC	11.68±0.32 eE	8.25±0.27 bB	149.67±1.53 aA	1.72±0.09 bcBC	0.45±0.02 bcBC
庙台槭A. iaotaiense	53.27±1.61 cC	4.51±0.36 gG	5.39±0.18 abAB	6.37±0.35 hH	6.47±0.32 defDE	57.67±3.51 iGH	0.84±0.10 gG	0.41±0.04 cdCD
三角槭A. buergerianum	24.68±0.22 jJ	5.30±0.12 efEF	4.17±1.10 deCDEF	13.03±0.73 dD	7.64±0.16 bcBCD	113.33±14.36 bcBC	1.32±0.31 efDEF	0.41±0.01 cdeCD
梣叶槭A. negundo	58.24±0.11 bB	10.71±0.82 aA	4.55±0.32 cdCD	19.35±0.37 aA	7.83±0.91 bBC	44.07±2.25 jHI	2.37±0.36 aA	0.47±0.04 bAB

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Fig.2

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树种 species	沉降速度/(cm·s^-1) settlement velocity	水平传播距离/cm horizontal dispersal distance
树种 species	沉降速度/(cm·s^-1) settlement velocity	1 m/s	3 m/s	5 m/s
秀丽槭A. elegantulum	116.76±2.10 ff	25.34±0.38 hG	42.01±0.09 hH	64.38±0.17 iI
扇叶槭A. flabellatum	69.14±1.45 kK	36.90±0.04 aA	59.16±0.04 aA	83.15±0.07 aA
罗浮槭A. fabri	85.49±1.47 iI	33.56±0.41 dC	46.75±0.70 dD	75.28±0.24 dD
羽毛槭A. palmatum var. dissectum	106.06±2.82 gG	28.63±0.12 fE	44.63±0.24 ff	70.00±0.19 ff
青窄槭A. davidii	80.66±1.30 ijIJ	34.89±0.10 cB	49.28±0.24 cC	77.40±0.39 cC
建始槭A. henryi	130.47±2.61 eE	23.05±0.04 jI	38.28±0.38 jJ	60.56±0.22 kK
毛果槭A. nikoense	188.73±3.56 bB	16.39±0.16 mL	27.57±0.21 lL	54.30±0.32 nN
细叶槭A. leptophyllum	120.52±2.55 ff	24.46±0.29 iH	39.93±0.21 iI	62.77±0.19 jJ
小鸡爪槭A. palmatum var. thunbergii	162.17±1.52 cC	20.59±0.49 lK	27.51±0.17 lL	56.39±0.44 mM
五裂槭A. oliverianum	95.94±3.64 hH	32.83±0.57 eD	45.75±0.52 eE	73.31±0.33 eE
五角槭A. mono	109.58±3.79 gG	26.91±0.12 gF	42.50±0.30 hH	66.55±0.22 hH
茶条槭A. ginnalum	75.58±0.87 jJK	35.54±0.21 bB	52.70±0.22 bB	79.04±0.10 bB
庙台槭A. miaotaiense	147.08±2.16 dD	21.64±0.34 kJ	36.52±0.54 kK	58.30±0.93 lL
三角槭A. buergerianum	107.18±2.42 gG	27.32±0.21 gF	43.59±0.03 gG	67.35±0.09 gG
梣叶槭A. negundo	224.06±7.75 aA	15.46±0.24 nM	24.75±0.07 mM	42.38±0.22 oO

特征 characteristic	沉降速度 settlement velocity		水平传播距离 horizontal dispersal distance
	沉降速度 settlement velocity		1 m/s		3 m/s		5 m/s
	R	P	R	P	R	P	R	P
千粒质量(X₁)1 000 seed mass	0.953^**	0.000	-0.079	0.778	-0.054	0.846	-0.021	0.940
种子长度( X₂)seed length	0.264	0.341	-0.099	0.724	-0.094	0.740	-0.215	0.443
种子宽度( X₃)seed width	-0.130	0.644	0.167	0.551	0.205	0.465	0.079	0.781
果翅长度( X₄)wing length	0.233	0.403	-0.066	0.815	-0.073	0.794	-0.150	0.593
果翅宽度( X₅)wing width	0.131	0.640	-0.009	0.974	-0.012	0.964	-0.039	0.891
两翅张开角度( X₆)angle of samara	-0.826^**	0.000	0.792^**	0.000	0.833^**	0.000	0.780^**	0.000
种子长宽比( X₇)ratio of length to width	0.188	0.509	-0.432	0.107	-0.417	0.121	-0.435	0.105
种子长/果翅长( X₈)ratio of seed length to wing	0.548	0.034	-0.229	0.411	-0.131	0.640	-0.291	0.293
沉降速度(v)settlement velocity			-0.198	0.479	-0.247	0.373	-0.254	0.361

主成分 PC	初始特征值 initial eigenvalue			提取平方和载入 extract sum of squares load
主成分 PC	特征值 eigenvalue	方差贡献率/% proportion	累积贡献率/% cumulative	特征值 eigenvalue	方差贡献率/% proportion	累积贡献率/% cumulative
Z₁	3.842	48.027	48.027	3.842	48.027	48.027
Z₂	1.617	20.215	68.243	1.617	20.215	68.243
Z₃	1.173	14.669	82.911	1.173	14.669	82.911
Z₄	0.693	8.660	91.571
Z₅	0.356	4.446	96.017
Z₆	0.159	1.986	98.003
Z₇	0.125	1.567	99.571
Z₈	0.034	0.429	100.000

主成分 PC	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	X₆	X₇	X₈
Z₁	0.827	0.887	0.757	0.105	0.933	0.705	0.532	0.367
Z₂	0.195	-0.233	-0.268	0.719	-0.032	0.572	-0.661	0.414
Z₃	-0.336	-0.056	-0.299	0.232	0.231	-0.300	0.483	0.733

Morphological characteristics and wind dispersal characteristics of samara of common Acer species

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