Effects of selenium on the activities of antioxidant protective enzymes and fruit quality of walnut

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202012032

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 127-134.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202012032

Effects of selenium on the activities of antioxidant protective enzymes and fruit quality of walnut

TANG Min¹(), YANG Kaiyu¹, ZHANG Sainan¹, CHEN Liying²^,³^,⁴, LIU Yang¹^,²^,³, ZHANG Xuemei¹^,²^,³, QI Guohui¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1. College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
2. Research Center for Walnut Engineering and Technology of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
3. Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province(Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
4. Hebei Lvling Fruit Industry Co., Ltd., Lincheng 054300, China

Received:2020-12-23 Revised:2021-03-09 Online:2022-09-30 Published:2022-10-19
Contact: QI Guohui E-mail:2954788065@qq.com;bdqgh@sina.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The aims of this research are to explore the effects of sodium selenite on the antioxidant enzyme activities and fruit qualities of ‘Lvling’ walnut and to provide references for the effective application of selenium fertilizer in selenium rich walnut production.【Method】The 15-year-old ‘Lvling’ walnut trees were used as the materials, and different concentrations of sodium selenite solutions were sprayed onto the leaves. The fruits were collected during the fruit ripening season and the kernel antioxidant enzyme activities and the fruit qualities were determined. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the fruit traits.【Result】The kernel SOD, POD and CAT activities were increased and the MDA content was decreased by spraying a suitable concentration of sodium selenite onto the leaves, and the antioxidant capacity was improved. The kernel SOD, POD and CAT activities were the highest after spraying 200, 80, 120 mg/L of sodium selenite solution respectively, which were 2.65, 9.30, 246.98 U/(g·min), which increased by 61.59%, 31.54%, 104.89%, respectively, compared with CK. The MDA content of the kernels was the lowest after spraying 120 mg/L sodium selenite, which was 2.27 μmol/g. After sodium selenite solutions had been sprayed onto the leaves, the nut yields increased, but there were no significant differences between the sodium selenite treatments. When the sodium selenite concentration was 160 mg/L, the nut weight was 13.42 g, which was the highest, which was 6.85% higher than the CK. The kernel soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, total protein, and fat content increased after spraying sodium selenite had been sprayed onto the leaves, and their contents reached their maximum when the spraying concentrations were 120, 80, 120, 200, 120 mg/L, respectively, and the contents were 2.41%, 0.88%, 0.84%, 23.09% and 70.70%, respectively. The selenium content of the kernels increased significantly after sodium selenite was sprayed onto the leaves and the content was 0.10-0.16 mg/kg, which reached the selenium-enriched standard. There was found to be a highly significant positive correlation between the kernel selenium content and the SOD activity, yield, nut weight, nut longitudinal diameter and the soluble sugar content, and the correlation coefficients were 0.96, 0.89, 0.92, 0.91 and 0.77, respectively.【Conclusion】After spraying appropriate concentrations of sodium selenite onto the leaves, the nut yield increased, and the external qualities of the walnuts such as the nut weight, horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, and the side diameter as well as the internal qualities of the walnuts such as the selenium content, soluble sugar, soluble protein, total protein, and the fat content significantly increased, and the kernel antioxidant capacity improved. Evaluation using principal component analysis showed that the walnuts had the best characteristics when 120 mg/L sodium selenite was sprayed onto the leaves.

Key words: sodium selenite, walnut, anti-oxidation, fruit quality

CLC Number:

S664.1
S718

TANG Min, YANG Kaiyu, ZHANG Sainan, CHEN Liying, LIU Yang, ZHANG Xuemei, QI Guohui. Effects of selenium on the activities of antioxidant protective enzymes and fruit quality of walnut[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(5): 127-134.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig.1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

References 36

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处理质量浓度/ (mg·L^-1) treatment concentration	坚果产量/ (kg·株^-1) nut yield	单果质量/g nut weight	出仁率/% kernel percent	横径/mm horizontal diameter	纵径/mm vertical diameter	侧径/mm side diamerer	果形指数 nut shape index
CK	3.01±0.38 a	12.56±0.40 b	55.02±0.22 a	32.54±0.49 b	38.88±0.68 b	32.61±0.18 b	1.19±0.01 a
40	3.11±0.03 a	12.71±0.57 ab	55.00±0.35 a	33.02±0.22 ab	39.30±1.05 b	32.65±0.18 b	1.19±0.03 a
80	3.13±0.08 a	13.08±0.21 ab	54.60±0.57 a	32.75±0.84 ab	39.92±0.43 ab	33.01±1.03 ab	1.22±0.02 a
120	3.31±0.17 a	13.13±0.36 ab	55.97±0.79 a	33.58±0.40 ab	39.89±0.36 ab	33.15±0.16 ab	1.19±0.01 a
160	3.29±0.59 a	13.42±0.06 a	54.74±0.96 a	33.59±0.61 ab	40.11±0.42 ab	33.81±0.07 a	1.19±0.03 a
200	3.36±0.32 a	13.30±0.20 a	55.29±0.83 a	33.86±0.87 a	40.79±0.98 a	33.54±0.43 a	1.20±0.01 a

处理质量浓度/ (mg·L^-1) treatment concentration	可溶性糖质量分数/% soluble sugar content	淀粉质量分数/% starch content	可溶性蛋白质量分数% soluble protein content	总蛋白质质量分数/% total protein content	脂肪质量分数/% fat content	硒含量/ (mg·kg^-1) selenium content
CK	1.99±0.07 c	0.51±0.07 b	0.70±0.09 b	22.11±0.59 b	68.47±0.41 c	0.03±0.01 e
40	2.04±0.01 bc	0.60±0.13 b	0.75±0.09 ab	22.31±0.41 b	68.74±0.11 bc	0.10±0.01 d
80	2.11±0.13 abc	0.88±0.11 a	0.83±0.06 a	22.22±0.10 b	69.00±0.18 bc	0.13±0.00 c
120	2.41±0.36 a	0.59±0.09 b	0.84±0.01 a	22.34±0.13 b	70.70±0.34 a	0.14±0.00 bc
160	2.34±0.06 ab	0.57±0.07 b	0.84±0.03 a	22.38±0.24 b	70.57±0.34 a	0.15±0.01 b
200	2.24±0.05 abc	0.46±0.05 b	0.73±0.06 ab	23.09±0.46 a	69.26±0.29 b	0.16±0.01 a

指标 index	相关系数 correlation coefficient	指标 index	相关系数 correlation coefficient
超氧化物歧化酶SOD	0.96^**	纵径vertical diameter	0.91^**
过氧化物酶POD	-0.13	侧径side diameter	0.81^*
过氧化氢酶CAT	0.34	果形指数nut shape index	0.26
丙二醛MDA	-0.87^*	可溶性糖soluble sugar	0.77^**
产量yield	0.89^**	淀粉starch	0.12
单果质量nut weight	0.92^**	可溶性蛋白soluble protein	0.62
出仁率kernel percent	0.16	总蛋白质total protein	0.62
横径horizontal diameter	0.82^*	脂肪fat	0.65

指标 index	主成分 principal component
指标 index	1	2	3	4
超氧化物歧化酶活性SOD activity	0.320	-0.040	0.085	0.114
过氧化物酶活性POD activity	-0.099	0.462	-0.046	0.262
过氧化氢酶活性CAT activity	0.113	0.363	-0.373	0.192
丙二醛含量MDA content	-0.246	-0.255	-0.019	-0.163
产量yield	0.323	-0.076	-0.028	0.096
单果质量nut weight	0.308	0.031	0.159	-0.202
出仁率kernel percent	0.115	-0.058	-0.486	0.472
横径horizontal diameter	0.308	-0.157	-0.073	0.082
纵径vertical diameter	0.292	-0.055	0.256	0.168
侧径side diameter	0.289	-0.085	0.142	-0.350
果形指数nut shape index	0.002	0.276	0.489	0.240
可溶性糖含量soluble sugar content	0.299	0.059	-0.219	-0.127
淀粉含量starch content	-0.044	0.467	0.247	-0.002
可溶性蛋白含量soluble protein content	0.189	0.381	-0.066	-0.303
总蛋白质含量total protein content	0.212	-0.284	0.211	0.389
脂肪含量fat content	0.264	0.107	-0.282	-0.316
种仁硒含量kernel selenium content	0.311	0.090	0.146	0.087
特征值eigen value	9.250	3.827	2.406	1.111
方差贡献率/% contribution rate	54.411	22.512	14.154	6.537
累计贡献率/% cumulative contribution rate	54.411	76.922	91.076	97.613

处理质量浓度/ (mg·L^-1) treatments content	主成分Y₁ principal component Y₁	主成分Y₂ principal component Y₂	主成分Y₃ principal component Y₃	主成分Y₄ principal component Y₄	综合得分 compre- hensive score	排名 rank
CK	-4.745	-1.492	-0.563	-0.400	-3.023	6
40	-1.944	-0.022	-0.362	0.511	-1.081	5
80	-0.874	2.963	1.947	0.196	0.480	4
120	2.274	1.356	-2.470	0.584	1.231	1
160	2.554	-0.316	0.158	-1.922	1.215	2
200	2.736	-2.448	1.291	1.030	1.178	3

Effects of selenium on the activities of antioxidant protective enzymes and fruit quality of walnut

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[1]	FAN Yaoyuwei, Renzeng Langjia, DONG Jianmei, REN Yuan, GE Dapeng, ZHAO Xueqing, YUAN Zhaohe. Comprehensive evaluation on important traits of wild pomegranate fruits from Tibet [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(4): 73-80.
[2]	CHENG Wenqiang, XU Yang, WU Kaiyun, ZHAO Xianmin, GONG Bangchu. Comparison of three comprehensive evaluation methods to evaluate the quality of persimmon fruit [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(4): 61-72.
[3]	SONG Zejun, LI Peipei, YUAN Lanfang, GUO Xiaolan, WANG Delu. Effects of soil water content on leaf physiology and fruit quality of blueberry [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(3): 147-156.
[4]	LI Jianhui, LI Bohai, WU Sizheng, BAI Wenfu, YU Lin, NIE Dongling, YAN Jiawen, XIONG Ying, XIANG Zuheng, PENG Xianfeng. Research on the nutphenotypic traits and diversities of walnut in western Hunan [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(1): 171-179.
[5]	HUANG Xiaohui, WU Jiaojiao, WANG Yushu, FENG Dalan, SUN Xiangyang. Growth and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of walnut (Juglans regia) seedling under different nitrogen supply levels [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(2): 119-126.
[6]	ZHU Youpeng, LIU Hongli, HAN Changzhi. Prediction of secretory protein in walnut bacterial black spot pathogen [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(03): 17-22.
[7]	ZHAO Huifang, Lü Lianfei, YAO Bei, WU Wenlong, LI Weilin. The growth and fruiting characteristics of ‘Zhaixuan’ blueberry strains in Nanjing [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(03): 163-168.
[8]	YANG Haiyan, DONG Shanshan, Lü Lianfei, HUANG Zhengjin, WU Wenlong, LI Weilin. An observation on three highbush blueberry cultivars cultivated in Nanjing [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(03): 157-162.
[9]	GENG Shuxiang, NING Delu, CHEN Haiyun, HE Na. Comprehensive evaluation and analysis of nutrient contents of the main walnut varieties in Yunnan [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(02): 209-215.
[10]	GENG Shuxiang,NING Delu, LI Yongjie, CHEN Haiyun, XIAO Liangjun. A comparative study on quality characteristics of main walnut and pecan varieties in Yunnan Province [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2017, 41(06): 193-198.
[11]	HAN Zhiqiang, YUAN Deyi, CHEN Wentao, LI Chengxiang, XIE Kaiyao. Synthetical evaluation of the fruit quality of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. under different combinations of boron,zinc microelement fertilizer [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2015, 39(02): 40-46.
[12]	HUANG Haijing， FU Guohuai， YANG Zaiqiang*，ZHANG Jing，JIN Zhifeng. Effect of protected cultivation to the development and quality of Myrica rubra [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2012, 36(06): 47-52.
[13]	ZHOU Yingshu, WANG Min, LIU Chongxin. Study on Fuzzy classification assessment of excellent characters selection for walnut [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2009, 33(04): 29-32.