Phenotypic diversity of 21 Hibiscus cultivars

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202103038

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 117-126.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202103038

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Phenotypic diversity of 21 Hibiscus cultivars

CHEN Han(), WANG Dongsheng, BAI Bing, LI Jiafeng, CHEN Kexin, CHENG Beibei^*()

College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Horticultural Germplasm Excavation and Innovative Utilization,Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China

Received:2021-03-23 Accepted:2021-07-29 Online:2022-05-30 Published:2022-06-10
Contact: CHENG Beibei E-mail:1243553200@qq.com;beibei87613@126.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study focuses on the phenotypic diversity of germplasm resources and the upgrading of existing cultivars of Hibiscus syriacus, to provide theoretical support for developing new varieties. 【Method】 Through cluster analysis, correlation analysis and diversity analysis, ten quantitative characters and 24 quality characters were analyzed for 21 Hibiscus cultivars. 【Result】 Hibiscus cultivar resources have rich phenotypic diversity. The diversity index of 24 quality shapes is 4.175 8-4.392 3, and the diversity index of 10 quantitative characters is 4.217 9-4.384 7. Based on the cluster analysis of phenotypic characters, twenty-one Hibiscus cultivars can be divided into three types when the Euclidean distance is 22, namely light color, dark double valve and single valve. Through principal component analysis, the nine principal components, including the number of flower colors, the length of the petals, the internal secondary color of the petals, and the distribution of the secondary petal color, can reflect the basic characteristics of 29 personality traits. The eigenvalues are greater than 1, and the cumulative contribution rate is 88.960%, indicating that the larger the flowers, and the more colorful the Hibiscus cultivars, the stronger the ornamental ability. In terms of correlation, there was a significant positive correlation between flower traits such as the flower halo relative petal area size (HAS), the petal secondary color distribution (DPS), and the petal internal secondary color (ISCP), with the correlation coefficients being greater than 0.800. The length of the petiole (LP), the leaf length (LL), and leaf width (WL), there was a significant positive correlation between double petality (PS) and the petal cleft (PC), and the correlation coefficients were 0.673, 0.702 and 0.796,respectively. 【Conclusion】 There was found to be a rich phenotypic diversity in the 21 Hibiscus cultivars. The external shape and color of flowers form the basis for Hibiscus classification. Tree shapes, growth habit and leaf base shapes also had a substantial impact on its morphological classification, which laied the foundation for the protection,the use of Hibiscus germplasm resources and research into new varieties.

Key words: cultivar of Hibiscus syriacus, phenotypic diversity, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis

CLC Number:

S685.99
S718

CHEN Han, WANG Dongsheng, BAI Bing, LI Jiafeng, CHEN Kexin, CHENG Beibei. Phenotypic diversity of 21 Hibiscus cultivars[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(3): 117-126.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Table 2

The main morphological characters and value assignment criteria for Hibiscus syriacus"

序号 No.	代号 code	形态性状 morphological characters	记载标准 criteria for documenting
1	GS	生长习性growth situation	直立erect=1,半直立half erect=2,开opening=3,下垂drooping =4
2	DB	枝条密集程度density of branches	稀疏sparse=1,中等moderate=2, 密集dense=3
3	CNS	当年生枝条的颜色color of new shoots	绿色green=1, 棕色brown=2, 紫色purple=3
4	LP	叶柄长度length of petiole	随机测10个叶柄长度,取平均值average length of petioles from ten leaves randomly sampled
5	LL	叶片长度length of leaves	随机测10 片叶的全叶长,取平均值average length of ten leaves randomly sampled
6	WL	叶片宽度 width of leave	随机测10 片叶的全叶宽,取平均值average width of ten leaves randomly sampled
7	AL	叶片长宽比 aspect ratio of leave	随机测10 片叶的长宽比,取平均值average aspect ratio of ten leaves randomly sampled
8	LBC	叶片基部性状 leaf base character	急尖sharp point=1,钝尖blunt point=2,圆circles=3
9	GCDL	叶片绿色着色程度 green coloring degree of leaves	淡light=1,中度medium=2,浓thick=3
10	DLC	叶片裂片深浅无 degree of leaf crack	无none=1,非常浅very shallow=2,浅shallow=3, 中medium=4,深deep=5
11	BSU	叶片表面起伏 blade surface undulation	无或很弱none or very weak=1,中medium=2,强strong=3
12	LMS	叶缘锯齿 leaf margin serration	少less=1,中medium=2, 多much=3
13	LFL	叶片是否花叶 leaves or flower leaf	是yes=1,否no=2
14	LC	叶片颜色组成 leaf color	绿色green=1,黄绿色green and yellow=2
15	LFS	花梗长度 length of flower stalk	随机测10 朵花的花梗长,取平均值average length of ten flowers stalk randomly sampled
16	PS	重瓣性 pleiopetaly state	单瓣single=1,半重瓣semidouble=2,全重瓣double=3
17	FC	花色 flower color	采用RHS标准比色卡测量(粉红pink and red=1,紫粉purple and pink=2,浅粉light pink=3,白色white=4,粉色pink=5,紫色purple=6,紫红色purple red=7,蓝紫色blue purple=8)
18	FCN	花色数 flower color number	1种one=1,2种two=2
19	PDS	雄蕊瓣化程度 petalization degree ofstamen	无瓣化none=1,少数less=2,中度general=3,重度more=4
20	SOP	最外层花瓣片的生长姿态 the shape of the outermost petals	直straight=1,开open=2, 水平horizontal=3
21	PRR	花瓣之间相对关系 petal relative relationship	严重分离serious separate=1,稍微分离light separate=2, 轻度重叠slight overlap=3,中等重叠moderate overlap=4,严重重叠erious overlap=5
22	DF	花径大小diameter of flower	随机测10 朵花的直径,取平均值average diameter of ten flowers randomly sampled
23	FH	花内是否有花晕 floral halo	无no=1,有yes=2
24	HAS	花晕相对花瓣面积大小 halo area size	无none=1,小small=2,大big=3
25	LDH	花晕密集处长度 length of the denseness of halo	随机取10 朵花,各测其中1片花瓣的花晕长度,取平均值average length of floral halo of ten flowers randomly sampled
26	LP2	花瓣长度 length of petal	随机取10朵花,测每朵花最外和最内层各1个花瓣长度,取平均值average length of outer and inner petals of ten flowers randomly sampled
27	WP	花瓣宽度 width of petal	随机取10 朵花,测每朵花最外和最内层各1个花瓣长度,取平均值average width of outer and inner petals of ten flowers randomly sampled
28	PS2	花瓣形状 petal shape	阔椭圆形broad elliptical=1,椭圆形ellipse=2,窄椭圆形narrow ellipse=3
29	MCIP	花瓣内部主色 main color inside petals	粉色pink=1,紫色purple=2, 白色white=3, 蓝紫色blue purple=4
30	ISCP	花瓣内部次色 the inner secondary color of petals	无色none=1,红色red=2,深红色oxblood red=3
31	DPS	花瓣次色的分布 the distribution of petal subchrome	没有none=1,基部base=2
32	LS	雄蕊柱长度length of stamen	随机取10 朵花,测每朵花最外和最内层各1个雄蕊长度,取平均值average length of outer and inner stamens of ten flowers randomly sampled
33	PW	花瓣呈波浪形 the petals are wavy	弱weak=1,中medium=2,强strong=3
34	PC	花瓣具裂 petals with cleft	弱weak=1,中medium=2,强strong=3

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Correlation coefficients among phenotypic traits of Hibiscus cultivars"

性状 traits	GS	DB	CNS	LP	LL	WL	AL	LBC	GCDL	DLC	BSU	LMS	LFL	LC	LFS	PS	FC
GS	1
DB	0.335	1
CNS	-0.195	0.181	1
LP	-0.292	-0.267	-0.137	1
LL	0.031	-0.128	0.165	0.673^**	1
WL	0.142	-0.036	0.375	0.361	0.702^**	1
AL	-0.171	-0.059	-0.334	0.092	-0.090	-0.763^**	1
LBC	0.024	0.200	0.289	-0.477^*	-0.226	0.042	-0.290	1
GCDL	-0.055	-0.241	0.027	-0.350	-0.045	-0.250	0.371	0.208	1
DLC	-0.698^**	-0.100	0.179	-0.048	-0.110	-0.017	-0.077	0.099	0.132	1
BSU	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b
LMS	0.258	0.148	-0.255	0.257	0.150	0.025	0.090	-0.074	-0.295	-0.294	^b	1
LFL	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b
LC	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b
LFS	-0.111	-0.223	-0.206	0.085	0.044	0.044	-0.005	-0.263	0.145	0.290	^b	0.153	^b	^b	1
PS	-0.302	0.012	0.017	0.036	-0.176	0.000	-0.125	-0.138	-0.004	0.266	^b	-0.281	^b	^b	0.231	1
FC	0.074	-0.041	0.387	-0.198	0.218	0.265	-0.206	0.336	0.324	0.062	^b	-0.079	^b	^b	0.059	0.233	1
FCN	-0.212	-0.316	-0.115	0.050	-0.019	-0.178	0.214	-0.115	0.117	0.087	^b	-0.059	^b	^b	0.134	-0.375	-0.327
PDS	-0.191	0.136	-0.006	0.107	0.000	0.124	-0.130	-0.136	-0.030	0.171	^b	-0.216	^b	^b	0.197	0.936^**	0.147
SOP	0.331	-0.068	-0.099	-0.445^*	-0.003	-0.002	0.000	-0.075	0.380	0.038	^b	-0.329	^b	^b	0.099	0.016	0.290
PRR	0.362	0.407	0.027	-0.024	0.129	0.022	0.100	0.349	0.137	-0.294	^b	0.281	^b	^b	-0.368	-0.189	-0.079
DF	-0.094	-0.204	0.082	-0.044	0.085	-0.062	0.152	-0.256	0.006	0.049	^b	-0.068	^b	^b	-0.033	-0.541^*	-0.107
FH	-0.623^**	-0.435^*	0.105	0.172	0.089	0.158	-0.138	-0.289	-0.027	0.517^*	^b	-0.309	^b	^b	0.365	0.344	0.008
HAS	-0.623^**	-0.435^*	0.105	0.172	0.089	0.158	-0.138	-0.289	-0.027	0.517^*	^b	-0.309	^b	^b	0.365	0.344	0.008
LDH	-0.546^*	-0.408	-0.006	0.148	-0.027	0.063	-0.126	-0.275	-0.227	0.418	^b	-0.120	^b	^b	0.390	0.049	-0.209
LP2	0.191	0.007	0.105	-0.262	-0.113	0.106	-0.233	0.025	-0.042	0.044	^b	0.035	^b	^b	0.242	-0.628^**	-0.343
WP	0.196	0.018	0.601^**	-0.286	0.055	0.400	-0.502^*	0.370	-0.031	-0.027	^b	-0.333	^b	^b	-0.189	-0.417	0.118
PS2	-0.184	-0.335	-0.331	0.431	0.013	-0.139	0.190	-0.017	-0.034	-0.108	^b	0.439^*	^b	^b	0.204	-0.249	-0.156
MCIP	0.345	0.225	0.073	-0.463^*	-0.113	-0.129	0.074	0.372	0.370	-0.171	^b	0.079	^b	^b	-0.040	-0.136	0.576^**
ISCP	-0.133	-0.480^*	-0.163	0.239	0.089	-0.015	0.085	-0.180	-0.017	-0.082	^b	0.100	^b	^b	0.099	-0.384	-0.321
DPS	-0.212	-0.316	-0.115	0.050	-0.019	-0.178	0.214	-0.115	0.117	0.087	^b	-0.059	^b	^b	0.134	-0.375	-0.327
LS	0.159	-0.248	-0.117	-0.157	-0.367	-0.159	-0.093	-0.009	-0.016	-0.165	^b	0.123	^b	^b	0.040	-0.051	-0.044
PW	-0.267	-0.078	0.045	0.068	0.159	0.144	-0.055	0.232	0.352	0.401	^b	0.110	^b	^b	0.389	0.303	0.579^**
PC	-0.277	0.108	0.047	0.209	0.152	0.103	0.029	-0.211	-0.096	0.189	^b	-0.263	^b	^b	0.062	0.796^**	0.073
性状 traits	FCN	PDS	SOP	PRR	DF	FH	HAS	LDH	LP2	WP	PS2	MCIP	ISCP	DPS	LS	PW	PC
FCN	1
PDS	-0.405	1
SOP	0.000	0.033	1
PRR	-0.059	-0.030	-0.152	1
DF	0.405	-0.551^**	0.276	-0.421	1
FH	0.459^*	0.249	0.099	-0.591^**	0.296	1
HAS	0.459^*	0.249	0.099	-0.591^**	0.296	1.000^**	1
LDH	0.506^*	-0.041	0.064	-0.749^**	0.507^*	0.819^**	0.819^**	1
LP2	0.280	-0.619^**	0.161	-0.227	0.528^*	-0.049	-0.049	0.346	1
WP	0.030	-0.390	0.109	-0.028	0.334	-0.158	-0.158	0.012	0.608^**	1
PS2	0.000	-0.350	-0.604^**	-0.034	-0.050	-0.132	-0.132	-0.030	0.022	-0.262	1
MCIP	-0.395	-0.164	0.188	-0.116	0.029	-0.453^*	-0.453^*	-0.328	0.055	0.159	-0.011	1
ISCP	0.854^**	-0.425	0.062	-0.133	0.348	0.392	0.392	0.552^**	0.312	0.022	0.110	-0.439^*	1
DPS	1.000^**	-0.405	0.000	-0.059	0.405	0.459^*	0.459^*	0.506^*	0.280	0.030	0.000	-0.395	0.854^**	1
LS	0.075	-0.107	-0.032	-0.289	0.109	-0.184	-0.184	0.148	0.261	0.223	0.030	0.297	0.219	0.075	1
PW	-0.099	0.212	0.043	-0.133	-0.080	0.192	0.192	0.126	-0.177	-0.155	0.142	0.378	-0.126	-0.099	0.037	1
PC	-0.408	0.888^**	-0.059	-0.096	-0.354	0.281	0.281	-0.002	-0.628^**	-0.369	-0.334	-0.145	-0.504^*	-0.408	-0.234	0.121	1

Table 5

Fig.1

Table 6

Principal component analysis of phenotypic characters of Hibiscus cultivars"

表型性状 phenotypic	主成分 principle component
表型性状 phenotypic	1	2	3	4	5		6	7	8	9
GS	0.017	-0.311	0.605	-0.302	0.446		0.010	0.328	-0.063	-0.206
DB	-0.313	0.087	0.226	-0.289	-0.198		-0.197	0.027	-0.528	0.336
CNS	-0.166	0.551	0.347	-0.259	-0.252		0.211	-0.094	-0.110	0.216
LP	-0.077	-0.411	-0.226	-0.624	0.299		0.009	0.019	0.267	0.412
LL	-0.082	0.060	0.162	-0.634	0.619		0.143	-0.166	0.248	0.195
WL	-0.138	0.589	-0.034	-0.689	0.221		0.185	0.090	0.211	-0.028
AL	0.097	-0.735	0.158	0.403	0.201		-0.095	-0.294	-0.032	0.208
LBC	-0.021	0.735	0.051	0.187	-0.180		0.297	0.384	-0.045	0.047
GCDL	-0.028	0.277	0.168	0.555	0.346		0.342	-0.131	0.438	0.078
DLC	-0.194	0.399	-0.205	0.214	-0.213		0.049	-0.433	-0.082	0.490
LMS	0.213	-0.232	-0.467	-0.309	0.405		0.127	0.211	-0.479	0.105
LFS	0.049	0.099	-0.675	0.144	0.413		0.153	-0.352	0.015	-0.127
表型性状 phenotypic	主成分 principle component
表型性状 phenotypic	1	2	3	4		5	6	7	8	9
PS	-0.901	-0.223	-0.138	0.177		-0.115	-0.035	0.161	0.085	0.102
FC	-0.434	0.451	0.206	0.316		0.425	0.192	0.027	-0.300	-0.177
FCN	0.828	-0.216	0.147	0.211		-0.032	0.262	0.138	0.035	0.212
PDS	-0.913	-0.273	-0.069	0.050		-0.058	-0.077	0.108	0.162	0.122
SOP	-0.084	-0.059	0.710	0.271		0.388	-0.165	-0.186	0.066	-0.046
PRR	-0.035	-0.224	0.159	-0.045		-0.216	0.869	-0.031	-0.106	0.112
DF	0.588	0.077	0.439	-0.104		0.220	-0.421	-0.223	-0.106	0.066
LDH	0.633	0.165	-0.338	-0.044		-0.005	-0.584	0.043	-0.057	0.158
LP2	0.766	0.452	-0.147	-0.115		-0.075	-0.152	-0.328	-0.002	-0.114
WP	0.324	0.749	0.307	-0.237		-0.241	0.024	-0.076	0.216	0.033
PS2	0.317	0.056	-0.838	-0.057		0.110	0.225	-0.005	0.018	-0.289
MCIP	-0.174	0.596	0.089	0.324		0.515	-0.302	0.217	-0.092	-0.001
ISCP	0.815	-0.351	0.077	0.110		0.077	0.180	0.178	0.028	0.095
DPS	0.828	-0.216	0.147	0.211		-0.032	0.262	0.138	0.035	0.212
LS	0.289	0.257	-0.276	0.282		-0.001	-0.357	0.523	0.347	0.309
PW	-0.295	0.344	-0.303	0.340		0.552	0.147	0.028	-0.226	0.345
PC	-0.838	-0.174	-0.111	-0.035		-0.124	-0.211	-0.059	0.186	0.011
特征值 eigenvalue	6.572	4.277	3.347	2.873		2.506	2.267	1.393	1.323	1.241
方差贡献率/% variance contribution rate	22.661	14.747	11.541	9.907		8.643	7.818	4.803	4.562	4.278
累计贡献率/% cumulative contribution rate	22.661	37.408	48.949	58.856		67.499	75.317	80.120	84.682	88.960

Table 6

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编号 No.	品种名 name of cultivar	编号 No.	品种名 name of cultivar	编号 No.	品种名 name of cultivar
1	‘白花单瓣’ ‘Totus Albus’	8	‘红心’ ‘Red heart’	15	‘雪纺’ ‘Chiffon’
2	‘黛安娜’ ‘Diana’	9	‘蓝莓冰沙’ ‘Blueberry moothie’	16	‘薰衣草雪纺’ ‘Lavandula chiffon’
3	‘弗洛鲁’ ‘Floru’	10	‘玫瑰’ ‘Rose’	17	‘胭脂红’ ‘Carmine’
4	‘粉色巨人’ ‘Pink giant’	11	‘牡丹’ ‘Paeoniflorus’	18	‘长苞’ ‘Longibracteatus’
5	‘粉色雪纺’ ‘Pink chiffon’	12	‘木桥’ ‘Woodbridge’	19	‘紫色法国酒馆’ ‘Purple French Cabaret’
6	‘汉帛’ ‘Hanbo’	13	‘千丝绊’ ‘Qiansiban’	20	‘紫玉’ ‘Shigyoku’
7	‘红色法国酒馆’ ‘Red French Cabaret’	14	‘柔粉红心’ ‘Soft pink’	21	‘紫柱’ ‘Purple pillar’

序号 No.	性状 character	代号 code	平均值 mean	最小值 min	最大值 max	标准偏差 SD	变异系数/% CV	H'
1	叶柄长度	LP	2.319	0.800	5.150	1.004	43.295	4.269 0
2	叶片长度	LL	7.033	5.390	8.600	0.741	10.536	4.384 7
3	叶片宽度	WL	4.482	3.380	5.870	0.708	15.797	4.375 2
4	叶片长宽比	AL	1.610	1.290	1.880	0.169	10.497	4.384 6
5	花梗长度	LFS	1.804	1.100	2.630	0.418	23.171	4.355 6
6	花径大小	DF	8.302	5.160	12.150	1.822	21.947	4.360 1
7	花晕密集处长度	LDH	1.284	0.000	2.500	0.521	40.576	4.217 9
8	花瓣长度	LP2	4.653	3.500	6.590	1.038	22.308	4.359 0
9	花瓣宽度	WP	3.083	2.170	6.050	0.825	26.760	4.349 5
10	雄蕊柱长度	LS	4.060	2.650	5.650	0.884	21.773	4.358 9
	平均值mean					0.813	23.666	4.341 5

序号 No.	代号 code	不同级别表型分布频率phenotypic degree								H'
序号 No.	代号 code	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	H'
1	FC	0.095	0.190	0.190	0.143	0.048	0.190	0.095	0.048	4.198 0
2	GS	0.714	0.095	0.190	—	—	—	—	—	4.211 6
3	DB	0.143	0.571	0.286	—	—	—	—	—	4.324 5
4	CNS	0.905	0.095	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.349 7
5	LBC	0.571	0.381	0.048	—	—	—	—	—	4.284 7
6	GCDL	0.190	0.667	0.143	—	—	—	—	—	4.326 7
7	DLC	0.140	0.240	0.330	0.190	0.100	—	—	—	4.265 2
8	BSU	1.000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.392 3
9	LMS	0.190	0.670	0.140	—	—	—	—	—	4.326 7
10	LFL	—	1.000	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.392 3
11	LC	1.000	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.392 3
12	PS	0.430	0.190	0.380	—	—	—	—	—	4.234 7
13	FCN	0.330	0.670	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.329 3
14	PDS	0.380	0.100	0.140	0.380	—	—	—	—	4.175 8
15	SOP	0.100	0.710	0.190	—	—	—	—	—	4.286 3
16	PRR	0.190	0.670	0.140	—	—	—	—	—	4.364 4
17	FH	0.100	0.900	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.371 9
18	HAS	0.100	0.900	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.371 9
19	PS2	0.430	0.430	0.140	—	—	—	—	—	4.273 7
20	MCIP	0.430	0.380	0.140	0.050	—	—	—	—	4.241 0
21	ISCP	0.330	0.480	0.190	—	—	—	—	—	4.284 9
22	DPS	0.330	0.670	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.329 3
23	PW	0.290	0.520	0.190	—	—	—	—	—	4.296 4
24	PC	0.570	0.430	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.306 9

Phenotypic diversity of 21 Hibiscus cultivars

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