Extraction of crown radius and development of crown profile model of Pinus koraiensis based on TLS

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202105050

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 13-22.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202105050

Special Issue: 智慧林业之森林参数遥感估测

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Extraction of crown radius and development of crown profile model of Pinus koraiensis based on TLS

WANG Fan¹(), JIA Weiwei¹^,²^,^*(), TANG Yiren¹, LI Dandan¹

1. School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
2. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Received:2021-05-31 Accepted:2021-07-20 Online:2023-01-30 Published:2023-02-01
Contact: JIA Weiwei E-mail:764548132@qq.com;jiaww2002@163.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this research was to explore the accuracy of extracting the maximum crown radius (CR, R_C) at different crown depths of Pinus koraiensis based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) point cloud data and developing a crown profile model based on TLS point cloud data. This study provides a practical basis for researching tree crown structures based on the TLS point cloud data. 【Method】 The TLS point cloud data and the branch factor data measured were from 30 analytic Pinus koraiensis. The CR at different heights was extracted by layered projection of the point cloud data and then compared with field-measured data of 30 analytic P. koraiensis trees for precision analysis. Finally, the R_C extracted from the point cloud data was used to develop a crown profile model of P. koraiensis. 【Result】The total extraction accuracy of the maximum R_C was 86.17%. There were differences in the accuracy of radius extraction for different crown depths. The range of relative crown depths with the best extraction effect was 0.15-1.00, and the accuracy of R_C extraction within this range was approximately 90%. The range of relative crown depth with the worst extraction effect was 0-0.15, and the extraction accuracy within this range was 60.27%-75.79%. The three selected equations (mischerlich equation, quadratic parabolic equation, 3-parameter Weibull function) had good fitting effects and the 3-parameter Weibull function was the optimal model. We re-parameterized the optimal model and added DBH and ratio of height to diameter (HD) to the model, and the goodness-of-fit of the model was significantly improved. 【Conclusion】 Based on the TLS point cloud data, the accuracy of the maximum R_C extraction using the point cloud layered projection method satisfies the requirements of model development. Therefore, TLS data can be used to approximately replace field-measured data in crown profile model research.

Key words: Terrestrial Leaser Scanning (TLS), point cloud data, crown radius, crown profile model, Pinus koraiensis

CLC Number:

S758

WANG Fan, JIA Weiwei, TANG Yiren, LI Dandan. Extraction of crown radius and development of crown profile model of Pinus koraiensis based on TLS[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(1): 13-22.

Figures/Tables 11

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统计项 statistics	树高/m tree hight	胸径/cm diameter at breast height	活枝高/m height of the living branch	冠幅/m crown width
最大值max	16.10	33.00	10.00	7.98
最小值min	12.27	12.90	4.30	1.65
平均值mean	14.41	22.54	7.80	4.91
标准差 SD	0.91	5.26	1.49	1.57

扫描时间/min scan duration	30 m处点间距/m point spacing at 30 m	激光点数 number of laser points	扫描角度/ (°) field of view	激光频率/ MHz laser frequency	扫描距离/m scanning distances	激光波长/nm laser wave length	波束发散角/μrad laser beam divergence
2	22.6	3.40×10⁷	360×317	1	0.6~120.0	1 500	80
3	11.3	1.38×10⁸
10	5.7	5.55×10⁸

数据 data	变量 variables	建模数据fitting data					检验数据test data
数据 data	变量 variables	样本数 number	最大值/m max	最小值/m min	平均值/m mean	标准差 SD	样本数 number	最大值/m max	最小值/m min	平均值/m mean	标准差 SD
实测数据 real data	树高HT	23	15.98	12.27	14.35	0.907	7	16.10	13.50	14.61	0.894
	胸径DBH	23	33.00	15.10	23.23	5.058	7	30.00	12.90	20.27	5.271
	第一活枝高H_B	23	9.90	4.30	7.70	1.450	7	10.00	5.40	8.30	1.385
	相对冠深处最大半径R_Cmax	474	3.39	0.11	2.12	0.907	142	3.33	0.11	1.98	0.881
TLS数据 TLS data	树高HT	23	16.20	12.47	14.45	0.924	7	16.32	13.51	14.62	0.998
	胸径DBH	23	32.60	15.10	23.11	4.866	7	30.00	12.80	20.26	5.261
	第一活枝高H_B	23	9.72	4.15	7.18	1.361	7	9.00	5.00	7.79	1.278
	相对冠深处最大半径R_Cmax	314	3.83	0.23	2.42	0.885	114	3.38	0.26	2.20	0.783

相对树冠深度范围 relative depth into the crown	对比组数 number of groups to compare	提取精度/% extraction accuracy
0~0.05	23	60.27
≥0.05~0.10	≥20	75.17
≥0.10~0.15	18	75.79
≥0.15~0.20	17	87.76
≥0.20~0.25	16	86.37
≥0.25~0.30	16	89.79
≥0.30~0.35	16	88.44
≥0.35~0.40	15	86.82
≥0.40~0.45	17	91.10
≥0.45~0.50	16	93.63
≥0.50~0.55	19	92.62
≥0.55~0.60	18	92.98
≥0.60~0.65	19	94.94
≥0.65~0.70	14	90.53
≥0.70~0.75	17	92.86
≥0.75~0.80	15	90.94
≥0.80~0.85	15	92.72
≥0.85~0.90	16	89.99
≥0.90~0.95	14	91.85
≥0.95~1.00	16	88.19
总计total	337	86.17

数据 data	模型 model	参数 parameter	估计值 estimates	标准误差 standard error	拟合优度 goodness-of-fit statistics		检验结果 validation results
数据 data	模型 model	参数 parameter	估计值 estimates	标准误差 standard error	R²	RMSE/m	MAE	RMAE	F_p /%
实测数据 real data	二次抛物线 quadratic parabolic equation	a	0.031	0.048
		b	7.951	0.279	0.761	0.444	0.288	27.043	95.857
		c	-6.272	0.313
	单分子式 mischerlich equation	a	-0.234	0.080
		b	2.756	0.075	0.747	0.457	0.297	29.332	95.719
		c	4.848	0.366
	3参数Weibull函数 3-parameter Weibull function	a	0.901	0.032
		b	1.914	0.036	0.764	0.441	0.286	26.688	95.865
		c	2.725	0.115
TLS数据 TLS data	二次抛物线 quadratic parabolic equation	a	0.372	0.074
		b	8.853	0.343	0.728	0.462	0.341	32.096	95.727
		c	-7.042	0.332
	单分子式 mischerlich equation	a	-0.103	0.135
		b	3.028	0.129	0.683	0.499	0.348	32.973	95.627
		c	6.312	0.529
	3参数Weibull函数 3-parameter Weibull function	a	0.947	0.032
		b	1.773	0.035	0.731	0.457	0.332	30.457	95.792
		c	3.665	0.133

Extraction of crown radius and development of crown profile model of Pinus koraiensis based on TLS

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参数 parameter	相关系数 correlation coefficient
参数 parameter	胸径 diameter at breast height	高径比 height- diameter ratio	活枝高 height of the living branch
a	0.558 (0.002)	-0.353 (0.056)	-0.123 (0.518)
b	-0.393 (0.005)	0.594 (<0.001)	0.309 (0.065)
c	0.564 (0.002)	-0.446 (0.051)	-0.281 (0.060)

数据 data	参数 parameter	估计值 estimates	标准误差 standard error	拟合优度 goodness-of-fit statistics		检验结果 validation results
数据 data	参数 parameter	估计值 estimates	标准误差 standard error	R²	RMSE/m	MAE	RMAE	F_p/%
实测数据 real data	a₁	0.788	0.107
	a₂	0.005	0.005
	b₁	1.831	0.120	0.809	0.393	0.266	26.214	97.16
	b₂	0.150	0.186
	c₁	1.174	0.388
	c₂	0.068	0.018
TLS数据 TLS data	a₁	0.772	0.114
	a₂	0.008	0.005
	b₁	1.620	0.123	0.788	0.400	0.313	28.19	97.04
	b₂	0.234	0.189
	c₁	1.591	0.471
	c₂	0.089	0.021