区域碳储量的空间分布特征研究可为区域生态系统碳库管理和减排增汇政策制定提供重要科学依据。基于InVEST模型和GIS技术,估算及分析了2010年甘肃白龙江流域碳储量及其空间格局,并探讨了海拔、坡度和坡向对碳储量空间分布的影响。结果表明:甘肃白龙江流域碳总储量为251.57TgC,平均碳密度为136.46MgC/hm²;其中,土壤碳储量为202.20TgC,植被碳储量为49.37TgC。碳储量空间分布呈现一定的规律性,碳储量高值区主要集中在流域西北部山区（如迭部县）和白水江南岸（如白水江国家级自然保护区）,云杉、冷杉类常绿针叶林的碳总储量最大;低值区多分布在流域东部和东南部（如武都区）、宕昌县东北部等区域。碳储量随海拔高度和坡度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其高值区主要分布在1500~3500m和25°~40°区段;阴坡和半阴坡区域的碳储量大于阳坡和半阳坡。研究结果可为流域生态系统碳库管理及人类活动管控提供参考。

对不同服务间存在的此消彼长的权衡关系和相互增益的协同关系的正确认知,是开展多种生态系统服务可持续管理决策的前提。2018年国家重点专项“典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究”中明确指出要优化“两屏三带”生态系统服务格局,而服务的优化离不开对权衡与协同关系的准确认知。因此,在国家尺度上开展国家屏障区生态系统服务权衡与协同研究具有重要性和迫切性。本文采用RUSLE模型、CASA模型和InVEST产水模型分别评估国家屏障区2000—2015年土壤保持、固碳和产水服务的空间分布格局,并分析三种服务的变化趋势,采用相关分析法和均方根偏差法量化不同服务在各子屏障带整体和空间上的权衡与协同关系。结论如下：① 国家屏障区的三项服务在空间上均呈现由东南向西北减少的格局, 而在时间上,土壤保持与产水显著增加(p2</sup>·a)和4.13mm/a,而固碳呈现微弱的上升趋势(p=0.96),服务的提升有利于保障国家生态安全。② 在各子屏障带整体上,土壤保持、固碳及产水间相关系数基本大于0（p

The better understanding of the trade-off and synergy relationship between different services is the foundation for the sustainable management of decision-making of various ecosystem services. In 2018, the national key special project titled as “Typical fragile ecological restoration and protection research” clearly pointed out that it was necessary to optimize the ecosystem services pattern of “Two ecological barriers and three shelters”, and the optimization of services is inseparable from the accurate understanding of trade-offs and synergies. Therefore, it is important and urgent to carry out trade-offs and synergies research in National Barrier Zone ecosystem services on a national scale. In this paper, the RUSLE model, CASA model and InVEST water yield model were used to evaluate the spatial distribution pattern of soil conservation, carbon sequestration and water yield services in the National Barrier Zone during 2000-2015, and to analyze the trends of the three ecosystem services. Correlation analysis and root mean square deviation were used to quantify the trade-offs and synergies between different services in the overall aspect and spatial aspect of each sub-barrier zone. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The spatial pattern of three ecosystem services of National Barrier Zone decreased from southeast to northwest and temporally, soil retention and water yield increased significantly with slope of 20.64 t/ (km ²·a) and 4.13 mm/a, respectively. Carbon sequestration showed a slight upward trend (p=0.96). The promotion of services is significantly helpful to the protection of national ecological security. (2) The correlation coefficient among soil retention, carbon sequestration and water production was greater than 0, indicating that the three ecosystem services were synergistic in all sub-barrier zones. Spatially, there is a strong heterogeneity between the trade-offs and synergies, and it is found that the pixel ratio of trade-off between carbon sequestration and water production is 49%, while that between carbon sequestration and soil retention is 27% in the forest barrier of Northeast China. Therefore, it is highly recommended to consider the differences of services in the trade-off relationship among all the sub-barrier zones and spatial areas to make the policy for the construction of sustainable ecological environment.

退耕还林工程进入政策调整的新阶段,新一轮退耕还林工程能否瞄准多元政策目标是这一时期的关键问题。本文基于一手调查的农户及地块数据,考察新一轮退耕还林工程对生态效益、成本有效性、益贫性等多元目标的瞄准成效,并进一步探究农户决策自主权在退耕瞄准过程中的作用。结果表明,新一轮退耕还林工程基本能够瞄准生态效益较高、成本较低的地块,但并未瞄准贫困户的地块,尤其是在农户没有瞄准自主权的情况下,家庭经济贫困对参与新一轮退耕还林有显著负向影响。农户决策自主权对新一轮退耕还林工程瞄准多元目标有积极作用,由农户自主瞄准的地块更具成本有效性和益贫性。因此,为提升退耕还林工程的瞄准效率,实现成本有效性、益贫性等多元目标及成果的可持续性,应在政策实施过程中赋予农户更多决策自主权;改进新一轮退耕还林工程的瞄准方案与指标体系;完善退耕补偿方案,建立动态的、差异化的生态补偿机制等。