The population structure and dynamics of Liquidambar formosana on the southeast foothill of Zijin Mountain, Nanjing City

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202201020

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3): 157-163.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202201020

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The population structure and dynamics of Liquidambar formosana on the southeast foothill of Zijin Mountain, Nanjing City

ZOU Pengjun¹(), GUAN Qingwei¹^,^*(), YUAN Zaixiang¹, GU Yuqing¹, WU Qian¹, NIU Yingying¹, CHEN Xia², JIN Xuemei²

1. Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2. The Administration Bureau of Dr. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing 210014, China

Received:2022-01-12 Revised:2022-10-09 Online:2023-05-30 Published:2023-05-25
Contact: GUAN Qingwei E-mail:zou1511977682@163.com;guanjapan999@163.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study is to evaluate the quantitative population dynamics of Liquidambar formosana under natural succession to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable forest management on Zijin Mountain in Nanjing, China.【Method】Using the L. formosana population in a fixed sample plot on the southeastern foothill of Zijin Mountain in Nanjing as the research object, the indices of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and crown width of all individuals were recorded. Subsequently, the DBH of the L. formosana population was divided into nine diameter classes, which were used as age class surrogates to examine the population structure. An age structure diagram of L. formosana population was constructed and the population dynamics were described quantitatively using the structural dynamic index. Finally, the structural characteristics and change trends of the population were analyzed and predicted by compiling the static life table, constructing the survival, mortality, and disappearance rate curves using the survival analysis function and linear stationary time series.【Result】(1) The individual age structure diagram of L. formosana population was a “pyramid” shape, and the quantitative variability dynamic index of the age structure under intervention was 0.02, indicating the population is able to maintain a positive growth in the current succession stage. (2) The survival curve of L. formosana population was inclined to Deevey-Ⅰ, where the individual survival rate slowly decreased with an increase in age, while the mortality, disappearance, cumulative mortality, and hazard rates increased, and the death density diminished. (3) The predicted results from the time-sequence model showed that L. formosana would continue to grow in a lengthy succession in the future. (4) L. formosana is expected to enter the later stage of life as the DBH reaches ≥32.5-37.5 cm, and the ability to resist the interference from the external environment is relatively poorer.【Conclusion】L. formosana is a zonal tree species in northern subtropical and warm temperate regions and has a strong natural regeneration ability, with the ability to retain many seedlings and a complete age structure on Zijin Mountain in Nanjing. Therefore, the L. formosana population may occupy the niche of the pioneer species Pinus massoniana population in a future succession stage. However, it is worth noting that the individuals in the L. formosana population gradually reach their physiological life span when the DBH reaches age class Ⅶ (≥ 32.5-37.5 cm), and their ability to resist the interference from the external environment is poor. Accordingly, it is suggested to strengthen the protection of L. formosana individuals whose DBH reaches 32.5 cm to further improve the scenic splendor of Zijin Mountain, increase the resistance stability and ecological space expansion potential of the population, and promote the progressive succession of forest communities.

Key words: Liquidambar formosana, population structure, quantity dynamic, static life table, survival analysis

CLC Number:

S718.54

ZOU Pengjun, GUAN Qingwei, YUAN Zaixiang, GU Yuqing, WU Qian, NIU Yingying, CHEN Xia, JIN Xuemei. The population structure and dynamics of Liquidambar formosana on the southeast foothill of Zijin Mountain, Nanjing City[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(3): 157-163.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Surveys of 27 tree species in the permanent plot under the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Zijin Mountain, Nanjing City"

树种 tree species	平均胸径/cm mean DBH	平均树高/m average height	平均冠幅/m mean crown	相对密度/% relative density	相对显著度/% relative dominance	相对频度/% relative frequency	重要值/% important value
枫香 Liquidambar formosana	16.7	10.3	3.6	32.67	18.73	34.44	85.84
马尾松Pinus massoniana	29.5	12.6	3.3	8.29	27.34	8.68	44.31
樟Cinnamomum camphora	9.7	7.0	3.0	12.96	5.44	13.76	32.16
山胡椒Lindera glauca	6.6	5.5	2.9	8.91	4.76	9.26	22.93
椤木石楠Photinia bodinieri	9.5	6.2	3.3	3.47	4.76	3.65	11.88
水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides	24.2	15.4	3.9	3.34	3.94	3.52	10.80
柳杉Cryptomeria japonica	20.6	12.0	2.7	3.34	3.53	3.33	10.20
黄连木Pistacia chinensis	9.3	6.8	2.8	3.28	3.40	3.46	10.14
糙叶树Aphananthe aspera	10.1	6.8	4.8	3.28	2.31	3.39	8.98
石楠Photinia serratifolia	1.0	5.5	2.8	3.22	2.45	3.26	8.93
栓皮栎Quercus variabilis	26.8	12.7	5.2	2.78	3.26	1.70	7.74
白檀Symplocos paniculata	7.1	5.4	2.6	1.24	2.45	1.30	4.99
冬青Ilex chinensis	7.7	5.7	3.0	1.05	2.04	1.11	4.20
三角枫Acer buergerianum	8.2	6.6	3.7	1.24	1.63	1.04	3.91
朴树Celtis sinensis	20.1	11.6	5.3	0.87	1.36	0.78	3.01
侧柏Platycladus orientalis	10.8	6.7	2.6	0.87	1.09	0.91	2.87
玉兰Yulania denudata	7.3	7.1	4.2	0.68	1.22	0.72	2.62
杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata	11.0	6.8	2.2	0..68	1.22	0.72	2.62
刺楸Kalopanax septemlobus	8.4	4.7	2.9	0.56	0.95	0.59	2.10
拐枣Hovenia acerba	8.0	7.0	4.0	0.43	0.82	0.52	1.77
广玉兰Magnolia grandiflora	8.5	6.9	3.0	0.50	1.09	0.07	1.66
青桐Firmiana simplex	8.7	8.5	2.8	0.37	0.82	0.39	1.58
樟Cinnamomum camphora	9.0	6.4	2.4	0.47	0.95	0.07	1.49
紫薇Lagerstroemia indica	10.3	8.6	1.7	0.50	0.55	0.20	1.25
麻栎Quercus acutissima	46.5	17.4	8.0	0.19	0.68	0.13	1.00
榔榆Ulmus parvifolia	26.5	10.2	6.4	0.25	0.41	0.26	0.92
刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia	29.3	11.9	7.6	0.25	0.41	0.26	0.92

Table 1

Fig.1

Table 2

Fig.2

Table 3

Table 4

Time series prediction of age structure of Liquidambar formosana population in the permanent plot under coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Zijin Mountain, Nanjing City"

龄级 age class	个体数 individual number	$M 2 (1)$	$M 3 (1)$	$M 5 (1)$	$M 7 (1)$
Ⅰ	131
Ⅱ	131	131
Ⅲ	107	119	123
Ⅳ	70	89	103
Ⅴ	55	63	77	99
Ⅵ	36	46	54	80
Ⅶ	16	26	36	57	78
Ⅷ	8	12	20	37	60
Ⅸ	1	5	8	23	42

Table 4

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龄级 age class	径阶/cm DBH class	存活数 survival number	l_x	ln l_x	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x	k_x
Ⅰ	0~7.5	131	1 000	6.91	0	0.00	1 000	3 737	3.74	0.00
Ⅱ	≥7.5~12.5	131	1 000	6.91	183	0.18	908	2 737	2.74	0.20
Ⅲ	≥12.5~17.5	107	817	6.71	282	0.35	676	1 828	2.24	0.42
Ⅳ	≥17.5~22.5	70	534	6.28	115	0.21	477	1 153	2.16	0.24
Ⅴ	≥22.5~27.5	55	420	6.04	145	0.35	347	676	1.61	0.42
Ⅵ	≥27.5~32.5	36	275	5.62	153	0.56	198	328	1.19	0.81
Ⅶ	≥32.5~37.5	16	122	4.81	61	0.50	92	130	1.06	0.69
Ⅷ	≥37.5~42.5	8	61	4.11	53	0.88	34	38	0.63	2.08
Ⅸ	≥42.5	1	8	2.03	-	-	4	4	0.50	2.03

龄级 age class	径阶/cm DBH class	S(t)	F(t)	f(t)	λ(t)
Ⅰ	0~7.5	1.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Ⅱ	≥7.5~12.5	0.817	0.183	0.046	0.050
Ⅲ	≥12.5~17.5	0.534	0.466	0.071	0.152
Ⅳ	≥17.5~22.5	0.420	0.580	0.029	0.204
Ⅴ	≥22.5~27.5	0.275	0.725	0.036	0.284
Ⅵ	≥27.5~32.5	0.122	0.878	0.038	0.391
Ⅶ	≥32.5~37.5	0.061	0.939	0.015	0.442
Ⅷ	≥37.5~42.5	0.008	0.992	0.013	0.492
Ⅸ	≥42.5	0.000	1.000	0.002	0.500

The population structure and dynamics of Liquidambar formosana on the southeast foothill of Zijin Mountain, Nanjing City

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龄级 age class	个体数 individual number	$M 2 (1)$	$M 3 (1)$	$M 5 (1)$	$M 7 (1)$
Ⅰ	131
Ⅱ	131	131
Ⅲ	107	119	123
Ⅳ	70	89	103
Ⅴ	55	63	77	99
Ⅵ	36	46	54	80
Ⅶ	16	26	36	57	78
Ⅷ	8	12	20	37	60
Ⅸ	1	5	8	23	42

[1]	WANG Chunhui, CHEN Xin, WANG Benzhong, XU Zhanhong. Population structure and dynamics of Reevesia pubescens var. xuefengensis in the Gaowangjie National Nature Reserve of Hunan Province [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(3): 57-64.
[2]	PENG Zhiqi, DONG Peng, ZHU Hong, ZHU Shuxia, DONG Jingjing, ZHONG Yuqian, ZHAI Feifei, ZHENG Aichun, WANG Xianrong, YI Xiangui. Analyses of Cerasus serrulata population structure and point patterns in Yuntai Mountain, Jiangsu [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(4): 167-176.
[3]	MA Dandan, KU Weipeng, XIA Guohua, MAO Jieying, XUE Jianhui. Structure and dynamics of rare and endangered plant Ardisia violacea natural population [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(3): 159-164.
[4]	JIANG Xingxiang, CHEN Yukai, WU Shisong, CHEN Qing. Population structure and dynamics of the endangered plant Chieniodendron hainanense in Hainan [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(1): 116-122.
[5]	SONG Juan, XU Guofang, ZHAO Xing, YAO Yao, YANG Xuexiang, TANG Ronglin, CUI Jiawang, CHEN Fengmao, REN Jiahong. Screening of indigenous phosphate⁃solubilizing bacteria from Liquidambar formosana Hance rhizosphere and its potential applications for improving plant growth [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(3): 95-104.
[6]	XU Heng, LIU Yanhong. The population structure, dynamics features and protection strategy of Acer catalpifolium extremely small population [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(02): 47-54.
[7]	SHANG Xiuhua, ZHANG Peijian, XIE Yaojian, LUO Jianzhong, LI Chao,WU Zhihua. SSR association analysis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis wind resistance and growth traits [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2018, 42(04): 97-105.
[8]	SUN Haijing, WANG Shufeng, CHEN Yitai. Response to waterlogging stress of different five Liquidambar formosana provenances [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2012, 36(03): 43-48.
[9]	WANG Dena, XUE Jianhui. Effects of IBA on uptake of Cd²⁺in the contaminated soil by Liquidambar formosana Hance seedlings [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2012, 36(02): 121-124.
[10]	WANG Dianpei, LI Jianhua, TIAN Chunyuan, LIU Renyang, WANG Wei. Numeric and structural characteristics of wild Pteroceltis tatarinowii population in Daguisi national forest park, Hubei province [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2011, 35(06): 39-43.
[11]	GAO Junxiang1, MEI Shenglong2, LU Xiaozhen1*, LI Meiqin2. The population structure and distribution of Rhododendron latoucheae in Fengyangshan Nature Reserve [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2009, 33(02): 35-.
[12]	SHI Jun-hui1,2,3HUANG Zhong-liang1*, ZH()U Xiao yoag4, ZHANG Chi1,2, OUYANG Xue-jun1,2, LI Lin1,2. The Regeneration Strategies and Spatial Pattern of Woody Species in the Mixed Coniferous and Broadleaf Forest in Dinghu Mountains [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2006, 30(05): 34-38.
[13]	YANG Li-dan, WANG An-wen, LI Chao-zhi. Species Diversity and Arbor Population Distribution Pattern of Fagus longipetiolata Community in Leigong Mountain [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2005, 29(03): 107-110.

龄级 age class	个体数 individual number	$M 2 (1)$	$M 3 (1)$	$M 5 (1)$	$M 7 (1)$
Ⅰ	131
Ⅱ	131	131
Ⅲ	107	119	123
Ⅳ	70	89	103
Ⅴ	55	63	77	99
Ⅵ	36	46	54	80
Ⅶ	16	26	36	57	78
Ⅷ	8	12	20	37	60
Ⅸ	1	5	8	23	42

龄级 age class	个体数 individual number	$M 2 (1)$	$M 3 (1)$	$M 5 (1)$	$M 7 (1)$
Ⅰ	131
Ⅱ	131	131
Ⅲ	107	119	123
Ⅳ	70	89	103
Ⅴ	55	63	77	99
Ⅵ	36	46	54	80
Ⅶ	16	26	36	57	78
Ⅷ	8	12	20	37	60
Ⅸ	1	5	8	23	42