Nuts’ phenotypic diversity analysis and character evaluation of 109 high-yield walnut individual trees

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202205037

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3): 87-96.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202205037

Nuts’ phenotypic diversity analysis and character evaluation of 109 high-yield walnut individual trees

ZHANG Yunqi¹(), DONG Ningguang¹, HAO Yanbin¹, CHEN Yonghao¹, ZHANG Junpei²^,^*(), HOU Zhixia³, SU Shuchai³, WU Jiaqing¹, QI Jianxun¹^,^*()

1. Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
3. The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2022-05-21 Revised:2022-07-09 Online:2023-05-30 Published:2023-05-25
Contact: ZHANG Junpei,QI Jianxun E-mail:zhyq1985@bjfu.edu.cn;zhangjunpei@caf.ac.cn;qijx@263.net

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Phenotypic analyses are the bases for improving variety breeding. Therefore, we analyzed phenotypic diversity of walnuts, and the nut characteristics were comprehensively evaluated to screen excellent walnut lines. 【Method】In this study, 109 high-yield walnut trees in the selective nursery of the Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences were selected as research subjects. Based on the phenotypic data of nuts, the variation coefficient, diversity index, correlation, principal component, and cluster analysis were analyzed, and the nut characteristics were comprehensively evaluated. 【Result】(1)The variation of 18 phenotypic characteristics of the nuts contributed toward the observed statistically significant differences observed in the nuts, and the variation coefficient and the genetic diversity index ranged from 4.70% to 25.00%, and 2.849 to 3.023, respectively. The indicators representing nut size and dry weight had a high degree of dispersion among individuals, whereas the variation in nut shape was slight. (2) The dry weight index of each part of the nut had a significant positive correlation with indices reflecting nut size. The nut shape indices were closely related to nut diameters. The seed shell thickness and seed shell weight significantly affected the kernel percentage. (3) Nut size, shape and quality indicators can reflect most information on nut phenotypic traits. The total contribution of these three principal components was 91.596%. Eight main nut traits were screened: geometric average diameter, nut volume, dry weight of a single nut and kernel, sphericity, shell thickness, kernel percentage, and volume kernel percentage. (4) The 109 walnut germplasm resources were clustered into four groups at a Euclidean distance of 9.0, which could be used as hybrid materials for specific breeding purposes. (5) According to the integrated score of nut phenotypic traits of various germplasm resources and the general characteristics of ideal nuts, the excellent lines XJ45, A068, E030, XJ59 and W27 were selected. 【Conclusion】Through the screening of key evaluation indicators, combined with principal component analysis and the membership function method, the evaluation criteria for walnut germplasm resources could be preliminarily constructed, which would provide a breeding basis for effectively creating new varieties with commercial value in this region.

Key words: Juglans regia, germplasm resources, phenotypic characters, membership function method, comprehensive evaluation

CLC Number:

S664.1

ZHANG Yunqi, DONG Ningguang, HAO Yanbin, CHEN Yonghao, ZHANG Junpei, HOU Zhixia, SU Shuchai, WU Jiaqing, QI Jianxun. Nuts’ phenotypic diversity analysis and character evaluation of 109 high-yield walnut individual trees[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(3): 87-96.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 5

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编码 code	品系编号 genotype	编码 code	品系编号 genotype	编码 code	品系编号 genotype	编码 code	品系编号 genotype	编码 code	品系编号 genotype	编码 code	品系编号 genotype
1	A001	20	A248	39	D6N1	58	W20	77	W50	96	XJ39
2	A002	21	A250	40	D8	59	W21	78	W57	97	XJ40
3	A013	22	A253	41	D15	60	W23	79	E030	98	XJ45
4	A051	23	A255	42	D23	61	W24	80	E032	99	XJ49
5	A068	24	A265	43	D30	62	W27	81	E042	100	XJ57
6	A082	25	A266	44	D33B1	63	W29	82	E042B53	101	XJ59
7	A091	26	A271	45	D35	64	W30	83	B17	102	075X1N1
8	A097	27	A293	46	W2	65	W31	84	B26	103	175D2B1
9	A110	28	A298	47	W4	66	W33	85	B99	104	Z1
10	A123	29	A336	48	W6	67	W34	86	B112	105	Z2
11	A125	30	A364	49	W8	68	W36	87	K1	106	Z3
12	A145	31	A385	50	W9	69	W37	88	K2	107	Z4
13	A171	32	A389	51	W12	70	W38	89	K1L4	108	Z5
14	A201	33	A389B1	52	W13	71	W40	90	HF	109	ZY
15	A205	34	A390	53	W14	72	W42	91	O13N1
16	A219	35	A393N2	54	W15	73	W43	92	X1N1
17	A212	36	DY	55	W17	74	W45	93	XJ12
18	A215B1	37	D2-2	56	W18	75	W46	94	XJ14
19	A241	38	D2-3	57	W19	76	W47	95	XJ16

表型性状 phenotypic traits	最大值 max.	最小值 min.	极差 range	均值 mean	SD	CV/%	遗传多样性指数H'	F
L/mm	46.95	29.76	17.19	39.20	3.32	8.47	2.925	69.092^**
W/mm	40.68	25.03	15.65	33.30	2.53	7.59	2.871	63.512^**
T/mm	42.02	26.65	15.37	34.05	2.86	8.39	2.980	77.350^**
T_S/mm	2.46	0.72	1.74	1.33	0.30	22.45	2.978	123.899^**
m_N/g	22.33	6.96	15.37	13.45	2.52	18.77	2.905	60.490^**
m_K/g	12.37	3.82	8.55	7.52	1.36	18.01	2.869	39.752^**
m_D/g	0.48	0.15	0.34	0.28	0.07	23.86	2.924	16.434^**
m_S/g	10.77	2.81	7.96	5.64	1.41	25.00	2.880	105.591^**
R_a	1.01	0.73	0.27	0.85	0.06	7.01	3.023	75.112^**
I_NSI	1.03	0.74	0.29	0.86	0.06	7.06	2.992	86.926^**
E	1.36	0.96	0.40	1.16	0.09	7.60	2.952	84.123^**
D_a/mm	42.29	28.22	14.08	35.52	2.60	7.32	2.954	70.447^**
D_g/mm	42.17	28.14	14.03	35.39	2.59	7.33	2.953	70.795^**
φ	1.02	0.82	0.20	0.91	0.04	4.70	2.961	87.233^**
S/cm²	55.97	24.88	31.09	39.60	5.71	14.41	2.953	68.230^**
V/cm³	39.53	11.69	27.84	23.67	5.05	21.34	2.979	65.726^**
I_PK/%	68.62	41.10	27.52	56.08	4.51	8.04	2.915	63.107^**
I_KCV/cm^-3	4.75	1.29	3.46	2.49	0.60	24.05	2.849	72.936^**

表型性状 phenotypic trait	L	W	T	T_S	m_N	m_K	m_D	m_S	R_a
L	1
W	0.630^**	1
T	0.601^**	0.913^**	1
T_S	0.139	0.174	0.122	1
m_N	0.628^**	0.844^**	0.821^**	0.507^**	1
m_K	0.673^**	0.875^**	0.853^**	0.177	0.902^**	1
m_D	0.391^**	0.500^**	0.418^**	-0.009	0.412^**	0.469^**	1
m_S	0.459^**	0.646^**	0.629^**	0.737^**	0.904^**	0.630^**	0.239^*	1
R_a	-0.542^**	0.307^**	0.245^*	0.034	0.144	0.116	0.046	0.144	1
I_NSI	-0.519^**	0.307^**	0.346^**	0.013	0.176	0.151	0.026	0.170	0.969^**
E	0.468^**	-0.290^**	-0.422^**	0.029	-0.184	-0.175	-0.013	-0.161	-0.881^**
D_a	0.851^**	0.927^**	0.919^**	0.160	-0.842^**	0.883^**	0.482^**	0.636^**	-0.042
D_g	0.833^**	0.937^**	0.929^**	0.158	0.846^**	0.888^**	0.484^**	0.638^**	-0.01
φ	-0.519^**	0.307^**	0.346^**	0.011	0.175	0.151	0.028	0.167	0.969^**
S	0.826^**	0.937^**	0.932^**	0.160	0.850^**	0.887^**	0.489^**	0.646^**	-0.002
V	0.817^**	0.935^**	0.932^**	0.163	0.852^**	0.885^**	0.492^**	0.651^**	0.007
I_PK	0.080	0.052	0.043	-0.755^**	-0.252^**	0.181	0.141	-0.632^**	-0.058
I_KCV	-0.789^**	-0.873^**	-0.862^**	-0.396^**	-0.874^**	-0.789^**	-0.389^**	-0.788^**	0.018
I_NSI	1
E	-0.968^**	1
D_a	0.005	-0.049	1
D_g	0.037	-0.082	0.999^**	1
φ	1.000^**	-0.969^**	0.005	0.038	1
S	0.047	-0.091	0.998^**	0.999^**	0.047	1
V	0.057	-0.101	0.993^**	0.994^**	0.057	0.999^**	1
I_PK	-0.061	0.031	0.067	0.068	-0.056	0.056	0.044	1
I_KCV	-0.025	0.057	-0.935^**	-0.935^**	-0.024	-0.927^**	-0.916^**	0.227^*	1

表型性状 phenotypic traits	PC1	PC2	PC3
L	0.758	-0.640	0.077
W	0.951	0.167	0.138
T	0.936	0.205	0.156
T_S	0.299	0.019	-0.880
m_N	0.930	0.064	-0.248
m_K	0.914	0.020	0.162
m_D	0.504	-0.055	0.252
m_S	0.762	0.099	-0.612
R_a	0.098	0.965	0.036
I_NSI	0.141	0.988	0.054
E	-0.170	-0.951	-0.095
D_a	0.975	-0.144	0.135
D_g	0.978	-0.111	0.140
φ	0.141	0.988	0.058
S	0.980	-0.101	0.134
V	0.978	-0.091	0.128
I_PK	-0.065	-0.100	0.936
I_KCV	-0.949	0.106	0.159
特征值eigen value	9.790	4.356	2.341
贡献率/% contributive percentage	54.390	24.203	13.003
累计贡献率/% total percentage	54.390	78.593	91.596

品系编号 genotype	综合评价值 D	排名 rank	品系编号 genotype	综合评价值 D	排名 rank	品系编号 genotype	综合评价值 D	排名 rank	品系编号 genotype	综合评价值 D	排名 rank
DY	0.807	1	D6N1	0.516	29	W57	0.446	57	Z2	0.386	85
XJ45	0.716	2	A02	0.515	30	B17	0.445	58	W13	0.385	86
A265	0.712	3	XJ40	0.509	31	B26	0.444	59	W36	0.384	87
B99	0.673	4	A219	0.506	32	A13	0.443	60	A271	0.381	88
D30	0.646	5	XJ16	0.500	33	W14	0.439	61	E032	0.376	89
A068	0.629	6	K2	0.499	34	A097	0.438	62	W6	0.361	90
E030	0.617	7	W47	0.498	35	W19	0.428	63	W45	0.356	91
A082	0.604	8	W17	0.498	36	D8	0.426	64	D15	0.354	92
XJ59	0.597	9	A241	0.494	37	O13N1	0.422	65	A298	0.347	93
W27	0.587	10	A266	0.492	38	W38	0.419	66	W9	0.342	94
175D2B1	0.584	11	A253	0.489	39	E042B53	0.419	67	A255	0.338	95
XJ57	0.582	12	W18	0.488	40	B112	0.415	68	A205	0.337	96
A123	0.576	13	XJ12	0.487	41	D23	0.415	69	Z3	0.335	97
A389B1	0.573	14	A201	0.482	42	W2	0.414	70	A110	0.328	98
W23	0.567	15	A336	0.478	43	Z1	0.409	71	D33B1	0.322	99
A393N2	0.567	16	Z5	0.476	44	W37	0.409	72	A215B1	0.322	100
W12	0.556	17	A125	0.473	45	A01	0.408	73	E042	0.317	101
W4	0.555	18	XJ39	0.473	46	W24	0.406	74	W31	0.313	102
ZY	0.546	19	W30	0.467	47	A390	0.406	75	W20	0.312	103
W21	0.543	20	W15	0.466	48	A385	0.404	76	A145	0.309	104
A248	0.542	21	W33	0.465	49	X1N1	0.403	77	W43	0.272	105
A364	0.541	22	W50	0.462	50	A389	0.401	78	D35	0.268	106
K1	0.540	23	W29	0.461	51	W40	0.399	79	075X1N1	0.219	107
A091	0.531	24	W42	0.458	52	XJ14	0.399	80	D2-2	0.179	108
HF	0.524	25	W8	0.451	53	A171	0.396	81	D2-3	0.122	109
Z4	0.523	26	W46	0.450	54	A293	0.394	82
XJ49	0.521	27	A51	0.446	55	A250	0.394	83
K1L4	0.517	28	W34	0.446	56	A212	0.387	84

Nuts’ phenotypic diversity analysis and character evaluation of 109 high-yield walnut individual trees

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