Analysis of heavy metal sources and risk assessment of surface dust in underground parking garages in Nanjing City

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202308049

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 203-211.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202308049

Analysis of heavy metal sources and risk assessment of surface dust in underground parking garages in Nanjing City

LAN Yang¹(), LI Yan¹^,^*(), DONG Zhen¹, FENG Dike¹, LIU Ke², JIA Zhenyi³, FAN Qingbin⁴, LI Ning¹, CHENG Xinyu¹, WEN Jiale¹, HUANG Haoran¹, YE Zi¹, YU Ye¹

1. Co-Innovation Center for Susainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, College of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou 450016, China
3. College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
4. College of Geographical Sciences and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China

Received:2023-08-25 Accepted:2023-12-18 Online:2025-03-30 Published:2025-03-28
Contact: LI Yan E-mail:lany@njfu.edu.cn;lyle@njfu.edu.cn

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aims to raise public awareness about the risks associated with underground parking garages in Nanjing City by analyzing heavy metals in surface dust and evaluating both ecological and human health risks. 【Method】Surface dust samples were collected from underground parking garages in different regions of Nanjing for heavy metal analysis. Source apportionment analysis was performed using the absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model. Ecological risk was assessed using the geo-accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method. Human health risks were evaluated using the human health risk index. 【Result】(1) Four sources of heavy metals in surface dust were identified: fuel combustion, industrial emissions, road and industrial dust deposition, and vehicle exhaust emissions. (2) In the study area, average geo-accumulation index values for Zn and Cu indicated moderate to strong pollution, while the potential ecological risk index suggested a relatively high ecological risk. (3) For human health, cumulative non-carcinogenic risks for the six heavy metals exceeded the safe threshold for children (>1) but remained within a manageable range for adults (<1). Carcinogenic risks associated with Ni and Cr exceeded acceptable levels, with value standards (1×10^-4). 【Conclusion】The presence of heavy metals in surface dust from underground parking garages in Nanjing negatively impacts both the ecosystem and human health, underscoring the need for preventive and control measures.

Key words: underground garage, surface dust, heavy metals, source apportionment, ecological risk, human healthy risk assessment

CLC Number:

X513

LAN Yang, LI Yan, DONG Zhen, FENG Dike, LIU Ke, JIA Zhenyi, FAN Qingbin, LI Ning, CHENG Xinyu, WEN Jiale, HUANG Haoran, YE Zi, YU Ye. Analysis of heavy metal sources and risk assessment of surface dust in underground parking garages in Nanjing City[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(2): 203-211.

Figures/Tables 9

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参数名称parameters name	变量variable	儿童children	成年人adult	文献source
暴露频率/(d·a^-1) exposure frequency	I_EF	365	365	[30]
暴露年限/a exposure duration	I_ED	6	24	[31]
受体体质量/kg body weight	I_BW	15.9	56.8	[31]
摄入速率/(mg·d^-1) ingestion rate	I_IngR	200	100	[31]
呼吸速率/(m³·d^-1) inhalation rate	I_InhR	7.5	14.5	[31]
平均暴露时间/d average exposure time	I_AT	暴露年限×365	暴露年限×365	[30]
颗粒物排放因子/(m³·kg^-1) particle emission factor	I_PEF	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹	[32]
皮肤暴露面积/cm² skin exposure area	I_SA	2 800	5 700	[32]
皮肤黏着度/(mg·cm^-2·d^-1) soil adhesion rate	I_SL	0.20	0.07	[32]
皮肤吸收因子absorption factor	I_ABS	0.001	0.001	[32]

元素 element	I_RfD/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)			I_SF
元素 element	经口摄入 A_ing	呼吸摄入 A_inh	皮肤摄入 A_derm	经口摄入 A_ing		呼吸摄入 A_inh		皮肤摄入 A_derm
Cr	3.00×10^-3	2.86×10^-5	6.00×10^-5	0.5	42.0		2.0
Ni	2.00×10^-2	2.06×10^-2	5.40×10^-3	1.70	0.84		42.50
Cu	4.00×10^-2	4.00×10^-2	1.20×10^-2	—	—		—
Zn	3.00×10^-1	3.00×10^-1	6.00×10^-2	—	—		—
Cd	1.00×10^-3	1.00×10^-3	1.00×10^-5	6.1	6.3		—
Pb	3.50×10^-3	3.52×10^-3	5.25×10^-4	—	—		8.50×10^-3

元素 element	平均值/ (mg·kg^-1) mean	最大值/ (mg·kg^-1) max	最小值/ (mg·kg^-1) min	变异系数/% CV	背景值/ (mg·kg^-1) background value
Cr	299.96	637.29	70.42	61.47	83.00
Ni	178.45	522.43	31.87	86.51	40.00
Cu	1 395.85	13 768.72	67.75	280.38	31.00
Zn	1 337.14	7 026.53	189.88	137.88	79.00
Cd	0.79	1.73	0.24	48.58	0.14
Pb	153.36	584.78	38.18	108.27	23.00

元素 element	Cr	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd
Ni	0.894^**
Cu	-0.228	-0.128
Zn	0.314	0.126	-0.154
Cd	0.684^*	0.587	-0.321	0.819^**
Pb	0.085	-0.146	-0.213	0.080	0.180

元素element	因子(贡献率/%)factor(contribution rate)
元素element	1	2	3	4
Cr	0.935(78.49)	0.242(12.39)	0.091(5.37)	-0.102(3.75)
Ni	0.976(85.91)	0.081(4.35)	-0.132(8.16)	-0.041(1.57)
Cu	-0.096(14.51)	-0.104(9.59)	-0.107(11.24)	0.984(64.67)
Zn	0.055(8.02)	0.992(87.62)	0.016(1.64)	-0.043(2.72)
Cd	0.527(44.54)	0.803(41.53)	0.125(7.39)	-0.178(6.54)
Pb	-0.029(3.54)	0.062(4.72)	0.992(86.07)	-0.105(5.67)
解释方差/% explained variance	35.310	28.493	17.279	17.085
累积解释总方差/% cumulative explained variance	35.310	63.803	81.082	98.167

Analysis of heavy metal sources and risk assessment of surface dust in underground parking garages in Nanjing City

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