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Dominant factors influencing the geographical distribution pattern of eight species of Juniperus in China
WANG Aijun, LU Dongye, HE Rong, HUANG Haiguang, NING Jing, HAN Ruoshuang, ZHANG Guosheng, HE Yujiao
Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition） ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (6) : 205-214.
PDF(3705 KB)
PDF(3705 KB)
Dominant factors influencing the geographical distribution pattern of eight species of Juniperus in China
【Objective】The geographical distribution characteristics of tree species reflect climate trends, while climate change in turn influences their distribution. The interaction between these provides a theoretical basis for studying the geographical distribution and origin of tree species, as well as formulating conservation strategies.【Method】Taking eight naturally distributed species of the Juniperus across the three-level geographical terrains as the research subjects, this study employed analysis of variance (ANOVA), coefficient of variation, linear regression analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on climate and altitude data from 222 sampling sites. The aim was to compare and identify the dominant factors restricting the formation of the geographical distribution pattern of Juniperus species.【Result】Significant differences (P<0.001) were observed among the eight species in terms of annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, the max temperature of the warmest month, temperature annual range, annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the coldest quarter, altitude, and aridity index. Among these factors, the variance in isothermality, temperature annual range, annual precipitation, altitude, and aridity index originated primarily from interspecific differences, while the variance in the remaining five factors originated mainly from intraspecific variations. The coefficients of variation for mean diurnal range, isothermality, the max temperature of the warmest month, temperature annual range, and precipitation seasonality were approximately 20%, indicating strong restrictive effects. Latitude and longitude were significantly correlated with isothermality, the max temperature of the warmest month, temperature annual range, precipitation seasonality and altitude, with negative correlations observed for isothermality and altitude.The temperature annual range, isothermality, precipitation seasonality, the max temperature of the warmest month, and altitude were the main drivers of geographical distribution differences among the eight Juniperus species, and the contribution of temperature-related factors exceeded that of precipitation-related ones. The eight species were roughly divided into two groups: the dry-cold zone group, including J. sabina var. davurica, J. rigida, J. sabina and J. pseudosabina; and the warm-humid zone group, including J. przewalskii, J. tibetica, J. saltuaria and J. indica.【Conclusion】Temperature (isothermality, the max temperature of the warmest month, temperature annual range), moisture (precipitation seasonality), and altitude collectively drive the geographical distribution of each Juniperus species, with temperature exerting a greater influence than moisture. Altitude readjusts the hydrothermal conditions in areas with the same latitude and longitude. This study presents the mean values and ranges of temperature, moisture, and altitude for the suitable distribution areas of the eight species, providing a theoretical reference for future ex-situ cultivation.The findings indicate that Juniperus species prefer cold and humid environments, reflecting their characteristics as part of the Holarctic flora.
Juniperus / geographical distribution pattern / dominant factor / climate / altitude
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<p><em>Aims</em> Our objective was to examine the relationship between climatic factors and geographical distribution of spruce forests in China.</br><em>Methods</em> We sampled 613 points within the geographical range of Chinese spruce forests, of which 235 points were at the upper altitudinal limit and 228 at the lower altitudinal limit. The elevation for each point was determined using Google Earth while climatic data were from the Chinese meteorological interpolation database. Linear regression, comparison of coefficient of variation (<em>CV)</em> and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted for data analysis.</br><em>Important findings</em> Within the distribution range of Chinese spruce forests, mean values of mean annual air temperature (<em>MAT</em>), mean air temperature of the coldest month (<em>MTCM</em>), mean air temperature of the warmest month (<em>MTWM</em>), growing degree days on a 5 ℃ basis (<em>GDD<sub>5</sub></em>) and on a 0 ℃ basis (<em>GDD<sub>0</sub></em>), mean annual precipitation (<em>MAP</em>), soil moisture (<em>SM</em>) and aridity index (<em>α</em>) are 3.38 ℃, –9.75 ℃, 14.78 ℃, 1 227.83 ℃·d, 2 271.19 ℃·d, 712.23 mm, 80.02% and 0.50, respectively. Both the upper and lower limits of altitude were significantly correlated with each of the climatic factors. In terms of <em>CV</em>, <em>MAT</em> and <em>MTCM</em> are significantly higher than the other six climatic factors; however, no significant differences were detected among those six. In addition, <em>GDD<sub>5</sub></em> and <em>GDD<sub>0</sub></em> have higher loading on the first principal component, yet <em>MAP</em> and <em>SM</em> have higher loading on the second and third principal component. Major conclusions are that <em>GDD<sub>0</sub></em> and <em>GDD<sub>5</sub></em> are likely the key factors that influence the distribution of Chinese spruce forest, followed by <em>MAP</em> and <em>SM</em>.</p>
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中国是世界上冷杉属（Abies Mill.）植物种类最为丰富、分布地域最广的国家，也是研究冷杉属植物分布成因与规律的关键地区。本文通过中国数字植物标本馆、全球生物多样性信息数据库和相关文献三种途径收集我国冷杉属植物的地理分布数据，结合当前和未来气候情景，应用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）模拟冷杉属植物的潜在分布，并使用GIS的空间分析功能做生境适宜性分析，评估我国各地区对冷杉属植物的保护能力。结果显示：（1）四川西南部、云南北部、西藏自治区东南部是我国冷杉属植物分布的热点地区；（2）在未来气候变化情景下，我国冷杉属植物的适宜生境面积将明显减少；（3）适宜生境在未来有向北迁移的趋势；（4）就各地区保护能力而言，在当前气候情景下，云南省的保护能力最高，在未来，我国西部地区的保护能力呈上升趋势，中部和东部地区呈下降趋势。本研究可为冷杉属植物的保护工作提供一定的理论依据和参考价值。
China is the country which has the most abundant and the widest geographical distribution of <em>Abies</em> Mill. species in the world. It is also the key area for studying the causes and law of <em>Abies</em> distribution. We collected the data of geographical distribution of <em>Abies</em> in China in three ways: Chinese Virtual Herbarium, Global Biodiversity Information Facility and relevant literatures. Based on the current and future climate scenarios, the maximum entropy model(MaxEnt) was used to simulate the potential distribution of <em>Abies</em>. Also, we analysed of habitat suitability and evaluated the protective capability of various regions in China, using GIS spatial analysis functions. The results showed that: (1)Southwestern Sichuan, northern Yunnan, as well as southeastern Tibet are the hot spots for <em>Abies</em> in China; (2)The area of suitable habitat of <em>Abies</em> in China will significantly reduce under the future climate change scenario; (3)The suitable habitat has the tendency of moving northwards in the future; (4)Yunnan province has the highest protective capability under the current climate scenario. Under the future climate change scenario, the protective capability of the western regions in China will increase, while that of the central and eastern regions will decline. This study can provide a theoretical basis and reference value for the protection of <em>Abies</em>.
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