Mechanisms of transcription factors and others in somatic embryogenesis of plants

ZHANG Jiaji, HAO Zhaodong, LU Lu, ZHENG Renhua, SHI Jisen, CHEN Jinhui

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4) : 46-56.

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南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）
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JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4) : 46-56. DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202412025

Mechanisms of transcription factors and others in somatic embryogenesis of plants

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Abstract

Somatic embryogenesis is one of the key ways to achieve asexual reproduction of plants under in vitro culture conditions. The process undergoes somatic cell, treated by the exogenous hormone, reprogramming to form a zygote-like structure that eventually develops into a complete plant. As an efficient plant regeneration technology, somatic embryogenesis has the potential to be applied in plant Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and CRISPR-based genome editing technologies, and is of great value in genetic improvement of plants. Recent advances have revealed that somatic embryogenesis is governed by a hierarchical molecular network involving multiple regulatory tiers. In this review, we review the recent research progress on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in plants, focusing on the key transcription factors, such as WOX (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX) gene family, AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR) and MADS-box gene family, as well as the related signaling pathways in which they are involved in. The members of WOX gene family, particularly WUS and WOX2/5/8/9, play a central role in maintaining stem cell pluripotency and establishing polarity during the development of embryos. The LAFL network (LEC1-ABI3-FUS3-LEC2), integrates hormonal signals, which regulate auxin biosynthesis (YUCs and TAA1) and the balance of endogenous ABA/GA, and epigenetic signals, which modified epigenetically, to regulate somatic embryogenesis. AP2/ERF superfamily members, notably BABY BOOM and PLETHORA 5(PLT5), are essential for somatic cells to acquire totipotency. Members of the MADS-box gene family, including AGL15 and AGL18, regulate somatic embryogenesis mainly by modulating GA-related pathways. These transcription factors play crucial roles in somatic embryogenesis. This paper delves into the broad application prospects of somatic embryogenesis in plant breeding and other biotechnology field. With the deepening of research, this technology will occupy a central position in plant biotechnology and agricultural development.

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somatic embryogenesis / molecular regulation / transcription factors / epigenetics

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ZHANG Jiaji , HAO Zhaodong , LU Lu , et al . Mechanisms of transcription factors and others in somatic embryogenesis of plants[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY. 2025, 49(4): 46-56 https://doi.org/10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202412025

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