【Objective】As a crucial renewable energy base in northwestern China, the Turpan-Hami region of Xinjiang currently lacks localized research data of the impacts of roads and wind farms on avian diversity and distribution. This study aims to investigate avian diversity in the Turpan-Hami region, evaluate the spatial coupling relationships between the construction of roads and wind farms and avian diversity and distribution, and provide a scientific basis for coordinating regional energy development and ecological conservation.【Method】From 2023 to 2024, six avian diversity surveys were conducted in the Turpan-Hami region of Xinjiang. Bird distribution data were recorded using the line transect method within sample plots. Diversity indices, including the Shannon-Wiener index and functional richness index, were calculated to analyze the relationships between wind farm and road density and avian diversity. Additionally, paired t-tests, Chi-square tests, Spearman’s correlation analysis, linear models, and logistic regression models were employed to assess response differences among bird groups categorized by ecological guild, diet, nest type, and residency status to disturbances from roads and wind farms.【Result】Across the 65 sample plots surveyed, a total of 591 bird distribution records were obtained, comprising 2 916 individuals from 126 species, 82 genera, 35 families, and 16 orders. The Shannon-Wiener index in wind farm plots is significantly lower than that in non-wind-farm plots. Functional richness and evenness indices are highly significantly and significantly lower, respectively, in wind-farm plots, while functional divergence is significantly higher. However, no significant difference is observed in Rao’s quadratic entropy index between the two plot types. Significant and highly significant differences are found in the distribution frequencies of birds with different dietary preferences and residency status between wind farm and non-wind-farm plots. Spearman’s correlation results indicate that road density is significantly negatively correlated with the Shannon-Wiener index, functional evenness index, and Rao’s quadratic entropy index, and highly significantly positively correlated with functional divergence index. Wind farm density shows significant negative correlations with the Shannon-Wiener index, functional richness index, and Rao’s quadratic entropy index. Linear model results reveal that functional divergence index increases with road density, while Rao’s quadratic entropy index decreases with wind farm density. Significant differences are observed in the responses of different bird groups to road and wind farm disturbances. No significant differences are detected in either species richness or abundance of birds at distances of 50 and 1 000 m from wind farms.【Conclusion】The construction of roads and wind farms may exert certain negative impacts on avian diversity and distribution, with significant variations among different functional groups. Further research with intensified survey efforts is recommended to more comprehensively assess the potential effects of artificial infrastructures such as roads and wind farms on biodiversity, thereby providing a scientific foundation for harmonizing regional energy development and ecological conservation.