[1] DORAN J W, COLEMAN D C, BEZDICEK D F, et al. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment [M]. Madison: Soil Science Society of American Inc., 1994.
[2] HERRICK J E. Soil quality: an indicator of sustainable land management? [J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15(1): 75-83. DOI: 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00073-1.
[3] 刘占锋, 傅伯杰, 刘国华, 等.土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(3): 901-913. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.03.036. LIU Z F, FU B J, LIU G H, et al. Soil quality: concept, indicators and its assessment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 901-913.
[4] 肖洪浪, 李新荣, 段争虎, 等. 流沙固定过程中土壤-植被系统演变[J]. 中国沙漠, 2003, 23(6): 605-611. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2003.06.001. XIAO H L, LI X R, DUAN Z H, et al. Succession of plant-soil system in the process of mobile dunes stabilization[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2003, 23(6): 605-611.
[5] 李新荣, 张志山, 王新平, 等. 干旱区土壤-植被系统恢复的生态水文学研究进展[J]. 中国沙漠, 2009, 29(5): 845-852. LI X R, ZHANG Z S, WANG X P,et al. The ecohydrology of the soil vegetation system restoration in arid zones: a review[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2009, 29(5): 845-852.
[6] 陶宝先, 张金池, 林杰, 等. 苏南丘陵不同林分类型土壤质量评价[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 33(6): 74-78. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2009.06.017. TAO B X, ZHANG J C, LIN J, et al. Soil quality assessment of different forest stands in the hilly region of southern Jiangsu Province[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition), 2009, 33(6): 74-78.
[7] 丁国栋. 风沙物理学[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2010.
[8] WILCOX C S, FERGUSON J W, FERNANDEZ G C J, et al. Fine root growth dynamics of four Mojave Desert shrubs as related to soil moisture and microsite [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2004, 56(1): 129-148. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-1963(02)00324-5.
[9] LI X R, JIA R L, CHEN Y W, et al. Association of ant nests with successional stages of biological soil crusts in the Tengger Desert, Northern China [J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2011, 47(1): 59-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.10.010.
[10] CAO S X, TIAN T, CHEN L, et al. Damage caused to the environment by reforestation policies in arid and semi-arid areas of China [J]. AMBIO, 2010, 39(4): 279-283. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-010-0038-z.
[11] GILLETTE D A, PITCHFORD A M. Sandflux in the northern Chichuhuan Desert, New Mexico, USA, and the influence of mesquite-dominated landscapes [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, 109(F4): F04003. DOI: 10.1029/2003JF000031.
[12] 张国平, 张增祥, 刘纪远. 中国土壤风力侵蚀空间格局及驱动因子分析[J]. 地理学报, 2001, 56(2): 146-158. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2001.02.003. ZHANG G P, ZHANG Z X, LIU J Y. Spatial distribution of aeolian erosion of soil and its driving factors in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2001, 56(2): 146-158.
[13] ZAMANI S, MAHMOODABADI M. Effect of particle-size distribution on wind erosion rate and soil erodibility[J]. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2013, 59(12): 1743-1753. DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2012.748984.
[14] 罗万银, 董治宝. 风蚀对土壤养分及碳循环影响的研究进展与展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2005, 24(4): 75-83. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6301.2005.04.009. LUO W Y, DONG Z B. The progress and prospects of research on wind erosion induced soil nutrient and carbon cycling[J]. Progress in Geography, 2005, 24(4): 75-83.
[15] 王蕙, 赵文智. 绿洲化过程中绿洲土壤物理性质变化研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 2009, 29(6): 1109-1115. WANG H, ZHAO W Z. Change of soil physical properties in process of oasisization[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2009, 29(6): 1109-1115.
[16] 王岩, 杨振明, 沈其荣. 土壤不同粒级中C、N、P、K的分配及N的有效性研究[J]. 土壤学报, 2000, 37(4): 85-94. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2000.01.011. WANG Y, YANG Z M, SHEN Q R. Distribution of C,N,P and K in diffierent particlesize fractions of soil and availability of N in each fraction[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2000, 37(4): 85-94.
[17] BUSCHIAZZO D E, PANEBIANCO Je, GUEVARA G, et al. Potential effects of wind erosion on soil degradation and air quality in different regions of Argentina [J]. Ciencia del Suelo: revista de la Asociación Argentina de la Ciencia del Suelo, 2009, 27(2): 255-260.
[18] LAL R. Soil erosion and the global carbon budget [J]. Environment International, 2003, 29(4): 437-450. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00192-7.
[19] GREGORICH E G, ANDERSON D W. The effects of cultivation and erosion on soils of four toposequences in the Canadian prairies [J]. Geoderma, 1995, 36(3): 343-354. DOI: 10.1016/0016-7061(85)90012-6.
[20] STERK G, HERRMANN L, BATIONO A. Wind-blown nutrient transport and soil productivity changes in Southwest Niger [J]. Land Degradation and Development, 1996, 7(4): 325-335.
[21] 苏永中, 赵文智. 土壤有机碳动态:风蚀效应[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(8): 2049-2054. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2005.08.031. SU Y Z, ZHAO W Z. Soil organic carbon dynamics:wind erosion effect[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8): 2049-2054.
[22] 延昊, 王绍强, 王长耀, 等. 风蚀对中国北方脆弱生态系统碳循环的影响[J]. 第四纪研究, 2004, 24(6): 672-677. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2004.06.009. YAN H, WANG S Q, WANG C Y,et al. Impact of wind erosion on carbon cycle of fragile ecosystem in Northern China[J]. Quaternary Sciencises, 2004, 24(6): 672-677.
[23] SU Y Z, ZHAO H L, ZHANG T H, et al. Soil properties following cultivation and non-grazing of a semi-arid sandy grassland in northern China [J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2004, 75(1): 27-36. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00157-0.
[24] 连杰, 赵学勇, 王少昆, 等. 科尔沁沙地风蚀作用对土壤碳、氮分布的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2013, 32(3): 529-535. LIAN J, ZHAO X Y, WANG S K, et al. Impacts of wind erosion on the distribution patterns of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Horqin Sandy Land, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2013, 32(3): 529-535.
[25] COPPINGER K D, REINERS W A, OLSON R K, et al. Net erosion on a sagebrush steppe landscape as determined by cesium-137 distribution[J]. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 1991, 55(3): 254-258. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500010043x.
[26] LARNEY F J, BULLOCK M S, JANZEN H H, et al. Wind erosion effects on nutrient redistribution and soil productivity [J]. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 1998, 53(2):133-140.
[27] GAO G L, DING G D, ZHAO Y Y, et al. Fractal approach to estimating changes in soil properties following the establishment of Caragana korshinskii shelterbelts in Ningxia, NW China [J]. Ecological Indicators, 2014c, 43: 236-243. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.03.001.
[28] 魏宝. 低覆盖度沙蒿植被对土壤风蚀影响模拟研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2013.
[29] WHITFORD W G, ANDERSON J, RICE P M. Stemflow contribution to the “fertile island” effect in creosote bush, Larrea tridentate [J]. Journal of Arid Environment, 1997, 35(3): 451-457. DOI: 10.1006/jare.1996.0164.
[30] YANG Z P, LI X Y, LIU L Y, et al. Characteristics of stemflow for sand-fixed shrubs in Mu Us Sandyland, Northwest China [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53(14): 2214-2221. DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0165-0.
[31] RUIZ T G, ZARAGOZA S R, CERRATO R F. Fertility islands around Prosopis Laevigata and Pachycereus Hollianus in the drylands of Zapotitlan Salinas, Mexico [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2008, 72(7): 1202-1212. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.12.008.
[32] 吴正. 中国沙漠及其治理[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009.
[33] BERG B, MCCLAUGHERTY C. Plant litter: decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration [M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2008.
[34] RUMPEL C, KÖGEL-KNABNER I. Deep soil organic matter: a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle [J]. Plant & Soil, 2011, 338(1/2): 143-158. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-010-0391-5.
[35] 赵红梅, 黄刚, 马建, 等. 典型荒漠植物凋落物分解及养分动态研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2012, 29(4): 628-634. ZHAO H M, HUANG G, MA J, et al. Study on dynamic status of litter decomposition and nutrients of typical desert plants[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2012, 29(4): 628-634.
[36] AUSTIN A T, VIVANCO L. Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation[J]. Nature, 2006, 442(7102): 555-558. DOI: 10.1038/nature05038.
[37] ZEPP R G, ERICKSON D J, PAUL N D, et al. Interactive effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on biogeochemical cycling [J]. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2007, 6(3): 286-300. DOI: 10.1039/b700021a.
[38] 王政权, 郭大立. 根系生态学[J]. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(6): 1213-1216. DOI:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.001. WANG Z Q, GUO D L. Rootsystem ecology[J]. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(6): 1213-1216.
[39] LAI Z R, LU S, ZHANG Y Q, et al. Diel patterns of fine root respiration in a dryland shrub, measured in situ over different phenological stages [J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2015, 21(1): 31-42. DOI: 10.1007/s10310-015-0511-4.
[40] VOGT K A, VOGT D J, PALMIOTTO P A, et al. Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems grouped by climate, climatic forest type and species [J]. Plant and Soil, 1996, 187(1): 159-219. DOI: 10.1007/BF00017088.
[41] LAI Z R, ZHANG Y Q, LIU J B, et al. Fine-root distribution, production, decomposition, and effect on soil organic carbon of three revegetation shrub species in northwest China [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2016, 359(1): 381-388. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.04.025.
[42] 裴智琴, 周勇, 郑元润, 等. 干旱区琵琶柴群落细根周转对土壤有机碳循环的贡献[J]. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(11): 1182-1191. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01182. PEI Z Q, ZHOU Y, ZHENG Y R, Contribution of fine root turnover to the soil organic carbon cycling in a Reaumuria soongorica community in an arid ecosystem of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(11): 1182-1191. DOI: 10.2307/1938601.
[43] VOGT K A, GRIER C C, GOWER S T, et al. Overestimation of net root production: a real or imaginary problem? [J]. Ecology, 1986, 67(1): 577-579. DOI: 10.2307/1938601.
[44] 李新荣. 荒漠生物土壤结皮生态与水文学研究[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2012.
[45] BELNAP J, LANGE O L. Biological soil crusts: structure, function, and management [M]. New York: Springer-verlag, 2001.
[46] 高广磊, 丁国栋, 赵媛媛, 等. 生物结皮发育对毛乌素沙地土壤粒度特征的影响[J]. 农业机械学报, 2014, 45(1): 138-143. DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.01.019. GAO G L, DING G D, ZHAO Y Y,et al. Effects of biological soil crusts on soil particle size characteristics in Mu Us Sandland[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2014, 45(1): 138-143.
[47] SCHLESINGER W H, PIPPEN J S, WALLENSTEIN M D, et al. Community composition and photosynthesis by photoautotrophs under quartz pebbles, southern Mojave Desert [J]. Ecology, 2003, 84(12): 3222-3231. DOI: 10.1890/02-0549.
[48] AERTS R. The advantages of being evergreen [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1995, 10(3): 402-407. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89156-9.
[49] GAO G L, DING G D, WU B, et al. Fractal scaling of particle size distribution and relationships with topsoil properties affected by biological soil crusts[J]. PLOS ONE, 2014, 9(2): e88559. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088559.
[50] FENG G, SHARRATT B, VADDELLA V. Windblown soil crust formation under light rainfall in a semiarid region[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2013, 128(1): 91-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2012.11.004.
[51] ELBERT W, WEBER B, BÜDEL B, et al. Microbiotic crusts on soil rock and plants: neglected major players in the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen? [J]. Biogeosciences, 2009, 6(1): 6983-7015. DOI: 10.5194/bgd-6-6983-2009.
[52] 李新荣, 陈应武, 贾荣亮. 生物土壤结皮: 荒漠昆虫食物链的重要构建者[J]. 中国沙漠, 2008, 28(2): 245-248. LI X R, CHEN Y W, JIA R L, Biological soil crusts: a significant food source for insects in the arid desert ecosystems[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2008, 28(2): 245-248.
[53] LI Y L, CUI J Y, ZHANG T H, et al. Effectiveness of sand-fixing measures on desert land restoration in Kerqin Sandy Land, northern China [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2009, 35(1): 118-127. DOI: /10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.09.013.
[54] KELT D A, ROGOVIN N, SHENBROT G, et al. Patterns in the structure of Asian and North American desert small mammal communities [J]. Biological Review, 2004, 26(3): 501-521. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00325.x.
[55] 娄巧哲, 徐养诚, 马吉宏, 等. 古尔班通古特沙漠南缘地表甲虫物种多样性及其与环境的关系[J]. 生物多样性, 2011, 19(4): 441-452. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.12287. LOU Q Z, XUN Y C, MA J H, et al. Diversity of ground-dwelling beetles within the southern Gurbantunggut Desert and its relationship with environmental factors[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2011, 19(4): 441-452.
[56] MANDEL R D, SORENSON C R. The role of the western harvester ant(Pogomyrmex occidentalis)in soil formation [J]. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 1982, 46(4): 785-788. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1982.03615995004600040024x.
[57] BRIESE D T. The effect of ants on the soil of a semi-arid saltbush habitat [J]. Insectes Sociaux, 1982, 29: 375-382. DOI: 10.1007/BF02228765.
[58] WHITFORD W G, SCHAEFFER D, WISDOM W. Soil movement by desert ants [J]. The Southwestern Naturalist, 1986, 31: 273-274.
[59] HOLTER P, SCHOLTZ C H, STENSENG L. Desert detritivory: nutritional ecology of a dung beetle(Pachysoma glentoni)subsisting on plant litter in arid South African sand dunes [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2009, 73(12):1090-1094. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.009.
[60] MIELKE H W. Mound building by pocket gophers(Geomy-idae): their impacton soils and vegetation in North America [J]. Journal of Biogeography, 1977(4): 171-180. DOI: 10.2307/3038161.
[61] WHITFORD W J, KAY F R. Bioped turbation by mammals in desert: a review [J].Journal of Arid Environments, 1999, 41: 203-230.
[62] MOROKA N, BECK R, PIEPER R D. Impact of burrowing activity of the banner-tail kangaroo rat on southern New Mexico desert rangelands[J]. Journal of Range Management, 1982, 35: 707-710. DOI: 10.2307/3898244.
[63] 陈应武, 李新荣, 苏延桂, 等. 腾格里沙漠人工植被区掘穴蚁(Formica cunicularia)的生态功能[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 27(4): 1508-1514. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.04.030. CHEN Y W, LI X R, SU Y G, Study on the eco-functions of Formica cunicularia(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)in a revegetated area on the southeast fringe of Tengger Desert, North China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(4): 1508-1514.
[64] LI X R, JIA R L, CHEN Y W, et al. Association of ant nests with successional stages of biological soil crusts in the Tengger Desert, Northern China [J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2011, 47: 59-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.10.010.
[65] 刘任涛, 赵哈林, 赵学勇, 等. 科尔沁沙地流动沙丘掘穴蚁(Formica cunicularia)筑丘活动及其对土壤的作用[J]. 中国沙漠, 2010, 30(1): 135-139. LIU R T, ZHAO H L, ZHAO X Y, et al. Nest Building Activities and effect of Formica cunicularia on soil properties on Mobile Dune of Horqin Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2010, 30(1): 135-139.
[66] 蒋慧萍. 大沙鼠扰动对荒漠土壤微生物数量和水肥状况的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2007, 24(2): 187-192. JIANG H P. Effects of Rhombomys opimus on microbial quantity, soil moisture content and soil nutrient content in a desert[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2007, 24(2): 187-192.
[67] 王振宇, 李叶, 张翔, 等. 白尾松田鼠穴居栖息地利用的影响因子分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2015, 35(3): 280-287. WANG Z Y, LI Y, ZHANG X, et al. Factors influencing nest site selection by Blyth's vole(Phaiomys leucurus)[J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 2015, 35(3): 280-287.
[68] 王移, 卫伟, 杨兴中, 等. 我国土壤动物与土壤环境要素相互关系研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(9): 2441-2448. WANG Y, WEI W, YANG X Z,et al. Interrelationships between soil fauna and soil environmental factors in China: research advance[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(9): 2441-2448.
[69] YANOFF S, MULDAIN E. Grassland-shrubland transformation and grazing: a century-scale view of a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2008, 72(9): 1594-1605. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.03.012.
[70] SASSI P L. TARABORELLI P A, BORGHI C E, et al. Cattle grazing effects on annual plants assemblages in the Central Monte Desert, Argentina [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2009, 73(4-5): 537-541. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.12.014.
[71] XU D Y, LI C L, ZHUANG D F, et al. Assessment of the relative role of climate change and human activities in desertification: a review [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2011, 21(5): 926-936. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-011-0890-1.
[72] STURCHIO N C, DC X, PURTSCHERT R, et al. One million year old groundwater in the Sahara revealed by krypton-81 and chlorine-36 [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31(5): L05503. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL019234.
[73] KROEPELIN S, VERSCHUREN D, LEZINE A M, et al. Climate-driven ecosystem succession in the Sahara: the past 6000 years [J]. Science, 2008, 320(5877): 765-768. DOI: 10.1126/science.1154913.
[74] FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). State of the world's forest [R]. Rome: FAO, 2011.
[75] ZHANG F, WANG T, YIMIT H, et al. Hydrological changes and settlement migrations in the Keriya River delta in central Tarim Basin ca. 2.7-1.6 ka BP-Inferred from 14C and OSL chronology [J]. Science China: Earth Science, 2011, 54(12): 1971-1980. DOI: 10.1007/s11430-011-4206-1.
[76] 景爱. 探索自然现象背后的人类活动——中国环境史研究举例[J]. 郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2005, 38(1): 131-133. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8204.2005.01.034. JING A. Exploration of man's action at the back of natural phenomenon: examples in the study of Chinese environment history[J]. Journal of Zhenzhou University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2005, 38(1): 131-133.
[77] 李雅琼, 霍艳双, 赵一安, 等. 不同改良措施对退化草原土壤碳、氮储量的影响[J]. 中国草地学报, 2016, 38(5): 91-95. DOI:10.16742/j.zgcdxb.2016-05-15. LI Y Q, HUO Y S, ZHAO Y A, et al. Effects of different measures for improving degraded grassland on the soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in steppe of Inner Mongolia[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2016, 38(5): 91-95.
[78] 文海燕, 赵哈林, 傅华. 开垦和封育年限对退化沙质草地土壤性状的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2005, 14(1): 31-37. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2005.01.006. WEN H Y, ZHAO H L, FU H. Effects of years for reclamation and enclosure years on soil properties of degraded sandy grassland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica Acta Pratacult Sin, 2005, 14(1): 31-37.
[79] 张琳琳,丁国栋,肖萌,等. 干草原区车辆碾压对土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(12):81-86. DOI:10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2013.12.013. ZHENG L L, DING G D, XIAO M M, et al. The influence of rehicles rolling on physical and chemical properties of soil in steppes[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2013, 27(12): 81-86.
[80] ZHANG H M, XU M G, ZHANG W J, et al. Factors affecting potassium fixation in seven soils under 15-year long-term fertilization [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54(10): 1773-1780. DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0164-9.
[81] HU H C, TIAN F Q, HU H P. Soil particle size distribution and its relationship with soil water and salt under mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang of China [J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2011, 54(6): 1568-1574. DOI: 10.1007/s11431-010-4276-x.