Spatial⁃temporal evolution of landscape pattern in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin from 1995 to 2015

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201903079

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 185-194.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201903079

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Spatial⁃temporal evolution of landscape pattern in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin from 1995 to 2015

JIA Yanyan¹(), TANG Xiaolan¹^,²(), TANG Fanglin³(), YANG Yang¹

^1.College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
^2.NFU Academy of Chinese Ecological Progress and Forestry Development Studies, Nanjing 210037, China
^3.Plan and Research Center for National Park, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650216, China

Received:2019-03-31 Revised:2019-08-31 Online:2020-05-30 Published:2020-06-11
Contact: TANG Xiaolan,TANG Fanglin E-mail:jiayanyan1011@163.com;398887917@qq.com;646245043@qq.com

Abstract

Abstract: Objective

Revealing the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of landscape pattern in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin quantitatively could provide a basis for further optimizing the landscape pattern and protecting the ecological environment of the Yangtze River.

Method

Utilizing the land-use data for 1995, 2005 and 2015, supported by ArcGIS10.2, Fragstats 4.2 and other software, landscape index, landscape dynamic degree, and transfer matrix were comprehensively applied to analyze the landscape pattern changes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River at different spatial-temporal scales in combination with geomorphic features.

Result

From 1995 to 2015, the landscape structure of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River changed significantly. The area of cultivated land, forest land and grass land in the study area decreased, while the area of wetland and construction land increased. However, forest land and cultivated land were the dominant landscapes, accounting for more than 49% and 33%, respectively. The change rate of construction land and cultivated land in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was significantly higher than that in the middle reaches. In terms of geomorphic types, more than 43% cultivated land, more than 82% wetland, and more than 64% construction land in the study area were concentrated in the plain; on the plain, human activities were the most intense and the contradiction between human and land was prominent. The hilly and mountainous areas were dominated by forest land, grass land and other natural landscapes, but the impact of human activities was also gradually deepening. The dynamic changes of cultivated land, forest land, construction land and wetland were obvious. From 1995 to 2005, the area of cultivated land transformed into construction land and wetland was 3 440.15 km² and 1 705.11 km², respectively, mainly concentrated in the plains. From 2005 to 2015, 5 747.13 km² of cultivated land and 1 432.52 km² of forest land were converted into construction land, mainly concentrated in the plain, platform and hilly areas. The analysis of landscape pattern index showed that the degree of landscape fragmentation of cultivated land and forest land increased, and that of wetland and construction land decreased. The connectivity of construction land increased, tending to gather and spread together. Between 1995 and 2015, the contagion index (CONTAG) and aggregation index (AI) of the study area decreased, while the edge density (ED), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) and Shannon’s evenness index (SHEI) increased continuously, indicating that the landscape heterogeneity increased and landscape pattern tended to be complicated.

Conclusion

In the past 20 years, the landscape pattern of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin has changed significantly, with obvious regional differences and increasing human interference. Therefore, the intensity of human activities must be controlled in a targeted way.

Key words: landscape pattern, landscape index, spatial-temporal evolution, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

CLC Number:

X171.1

JIA Yanyan, TANG Xiaolan, TANG Fanglin, YANG Yang. Spatial⁃temporal evolution of landscape pattern in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin from 1995 to 2015[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(3): 185-194.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

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年份 year	景观类型 landscape pattern	中游 midstream		下游 downstream		中下游流域 the middle and lower reaches
年份 year	景观类型 landscape pattern	面积/km² area	占比/% proportion	面积/km² area	占比/% proportion	面积/km² area	占比/% proportion
1995	耕地cultivated land	202 436.71	30.99	69 225.20	56.19	271 661.91	34.99
	林地forest land	355 887.50	54.49	26 885.25	21.82	382 772.75	49.31
	草地grass land	52 265.91	8.00	5 164.45	4.19	57 430.36	7.40
	湿地wetland	28 174.11	4.31	11 758.82	9.54	39 932.93	5.14
	建设用地construction land	14 257.56	2.18	10 131.89	8.22	24 389.45	3.14
	未利用地unutilized land	105.23	0.02	29.20	0.02	134.43	0.02
2005	耕地cultivated land	200 978.65	30.77	66 375.62	53.88	267 354.27	34.44
	林地forest land	355 440.14	54.42	26 837.25	21.78	382 277.39	49.24
	草地grass land	52 179.66	7.99	5 138.76	4.17	57 318.42	7.38
	湿地wetland	28 813.81	4.41	12 126.98	9.84	40 940.79	5.27
	建设用地construction land	15 613.80	2.39	12 684.67	10.30	28 298.47	3.65
	未利用地unutilized land	100.98	0.02	31.51	0.03	132.49	0.02
2015	耕地cultivated land	198 362.03	30.37	62 923.35	51.08	261 285.38	33.66
	林地forest land	354 067.76	54.21	26 718.34	21.69	380 786.10	49.05
	草地grass land	52 195.37	7.99	5 174.49	4.20	57 369.86	7.39
	湿地wetland	28 995.15	4.44	12 157.14	9.87	41 152.29	5.30
	建设用地construction land	19 405.35	2.97	16 184.60	13.14	35 589.95	4.58
	未利用地unutilized land	101.37	0.02	36.88	0.03	138.25	0.02

地貌类型 geomorphic type	占流域面积比例/% area proportion of geomorphic type	年份 year	景观类型面积占比/% area proportion of landscape type
地貌类型 geomorphic type	占流域面积比例/% area proportion of geomorphic type	年份 year	耕地 cultivated land	林地 forest land	草地 grass land	湿地 wetland	建设用地 construction land	未利用地 unutilized land
平原 plain	24.31	1995	63.79	8.86	1.53	17.34	8.46	0.01
		2005	61.96	8.82	1.53	17.76	9.93	0.01
		2015	59.85	8.73	1.52	17.85	12.05	0.01
台地 platform	17.37	1995	55.95	33.10	3.53	3.00	4.39	0.03
		2005	55.43	32.91	3.50	3.07	5.07	0.03
		2015	54.14	32.48	3.47	3.09	6.79	0.04
丘陵 hill	15.37	1995	27.94	63.70	5.83	1.36	1.15	0.02
		2005	27.86	63.60	5.79	1.42	1.31	0.02
		2015	27.62	63.22	5.83	1.43	1.88	0.02
小起伏山地 low?relief mountain	17.98	1995	15.56	74.37	9.07	0.56	0.42	0.01
		2005	15.55	74.30	9.08	0.60	0.46	0.01
		2015	15.50	74.12	9.13	0.61	0.63	0.01
中起伏山地 middle?relief mountain	19.57	1995	11.65	73.17	14.82	0.18	0.17	0.01
		2005	11.63	73.16	14.83	0.19	0.18	0.01
		2015	11.60	73.14	14.81	0.19	0.24	0.01
大起伏山地 high?relief mountain	5.40	1995	7.83	73.64	18.32	0.11	0.09	0.02
		2005	7.80	73.74	18.23	0.11	0.10	0.02
		2015	7.77	73.72	18.21	0.10	0.17	0.02

景观类型 landscape type	1995—2005		2005—2015		1995—2015
景观类型 landscape type	面积变化/km² area change	动态度/% dynamic degree	面积变化/ km² area change	动态度/% dynamic degree	面积变化/ km² area change	动态度/% dynamic degree
耕地cultivated land	-4 307.64	-0.16	-6 068.89	-0.23	-10 376.54	-0.38
林地forest land	-495.36	-0.01	-1 491.29	-0.04	-1 986.65	-0.05
草地grass land	-111.94	-0.02	51.44	0.01	-60.50	-0.01
湿地wetland	1 007.86	0.25	211.50	0.05	1 219.37	0.31
建设用地construction land	3 909.02	1.60	7 291.48	2.58	11 200.50	4.59
未利用地unutilized land	-1.94	-0.14	5.76	0.43	3.82	0.28

年份 year	景观类型 landscape type	耕地 cultivated land	林地 forest land	草地 grass land	湿地 wetland	建设用地 construction land	未利用地 unutilized land
1995—2005	耕地cultivated land	266 096.24	372.53	209.09	1705.11	3 440.15	0.89
	林地forest land	510.97	381 657.04	184.39	123.66	401.45	6.07
	草地grass land	192.60	284.07	56 863.88	48.36	32.87	0.63
	湿地wet land	627.20	53.01	50.87	39 029.22	142.21	0.01
	建设用地construction land	52.24	6.37	1.18	15.10	24 080.56	0.38
	未利用地unutilized land	1.12	3.89	1.00	1.79	2.36	123.61
2005—2015	耕地cultivated land	260 774.73	325.57	111.79	508.29	5 747.13	12.69
	林地forest land	287.96	380 139.19	448.29	64.49	1 432.52	4.10
	草地grass land	45.53	362.33	56 733.81	33.10	133.42	1.88
	湿地wet land	132.79	22.95	50.07	40 514.95	202.18	0.14
	建设用地construction land	117.11	23.29	13.66	13.21	27 931.42	0.91
	未利用地unutilized land	1.51	1.14	3.54	2.16	5.47	117.75

年份 year	景观类型 landscape type	斑块数 NP	平均斑块面积/ km²MPS	斑块密度/ （个·km^-2） PD	最大斑块指数/% LPI	景观形状指数 LSI	斑块结合度指数 COHESION
1995	耕地cultivated land	224 911	1.207 9	0.289 7	4.542 5	827.161 5	99.812 7
	林地forest land	76 444	5.007 2	0.098 5	11.381 6	563.490 2	99.942 7
	草地grass land	51 997	1.104 5	0.067 0	1.753 1	517.765 1	99.682 9
	湿地wetland	56 497	0.706 8	0.072 8	2.266 1	283.481 6	99.668 3
	建设用地construction land	206 151	0.118 3	0.265 5	0.067 3	531.829 1	86.665 2
	未利用地unutilized land	883	0.152 2	0.001 1	0.003 8	38.991 4	92.026 8
2005	耕地cultivated land	221 255	1.208 3	0.285 0	4.511 8	832.133 4	99.807 6
	林地forest land	76 294	5.010 6	0.098 3	11.343 5	562.704 4	99.942 5
	草地grass land	50 864	1.126 9	0.065 5	1.752 2	514.991 0	99.682 6
	湿地wetland	50 930	0.803 9	0.065 6	2.332 3	281.683 0	99.680 1
	建设用地construction land	196 460	0.144 0	0.253 1	0.105 3	513.614 3	90.936 9
	未利用地unutilized land	859	0.154 2	0.001 1	0.003 8	38.515 2	92.122 9
2015	耕地cultivated land	228 565	1.143 2	0.294 4	4.410 8	842.025 9	99.791 8
	林地forest land	78 995	4.820 4	0.101 8	11.322 5	565.345 2	99.942 0
	草地grass land	51 982	1.103 6	0.067 0	1.759 7	515.533 7	99.682 9
	湿地wetland	49 520	0.831 0	0.063 8	2.301 6	281.234 1	99.666 3
	建设用地constructionland	173 865	0.204 7	0.224 0	0.135 2	503.493 4	93.934 1
	未利用地unutilized land	791	0.174 8	0.001 0	0.003 7	38.025 4	92.151 0

Spatial⁃temporal evolution of landscape pattern in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin from 1995 to 2015

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