Comparative study on carbon assessment models in land use, land use change and forestry of typical “Umbrella Group” countries

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201905039

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 202-210.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201905039

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Comparative study on carbon assessment models in land use, land use change and forestry of typical “Umbrella Group” countries

TAO Yun¹(), YANG Hongqiang¹^,²()

^1.College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Research Center for Economics and Trade in Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Nanjing 210037, China
^2.Center for the Yangtze River Delta’s Socioeconomic Development, Nanjing University Nanjing, 210093, China

Received:2019-05-30 Revised:2019-12-28 Online:2020-05-30 Published:2020-06-11
Contact: YANG Hongqiang E-mail:taoyun@njfu.edu.cn;yhqnfu@aliyun.com

Abstract

Abstract: Objective

Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are an important part of the national greenhouse gas inventories for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Due to different forest management and inventory capabilities, there are various methods for forestry carbon accounting of LULUCF in different countries. The forestry carbon assessment methodology of typical “Umbrella Group” countries in Kyoto Protocol has an important impact on the model establishment and data collection of countries around the world. The comparisons between those carbon accounting models have important implications for future assessments in China and EU countries.

Method

Based on the comparative analysis of “Umbrella Group” countries such as the United States, Canada and Australia, this paper systematically summarized carbon models based on methodological level, carbon measurement range, advantages, and disadvantages.

Result

① Currently, the main accounting method of forestry carbon assessment for LULUCF is at the third level. The risk of missing data and inaccuracy in the process of data collection are reduced by using a geographic information system to calculate land use area and its changes. ② The FASOM-GHG model in the United States focuses on economic evaluation, the CBM-CFS3 model in Canada is based on a geographic information system for carbon accounting, and the FullCAM model in Australia integrates the models of the United States and Canada, connects with a geographic information system, meets the requirements of impact evaluation of economic policies, and has a broader application prospect.

Conclusion

Policy recommendations: ① It is difficult for EU member states to establish unified land-use allocation standards, but from the perspective of facilitating future carbon accounting, the EU may accelerate its unified land allocation rules in the future. ② Evaluating forestry carbon storage: during the measurement, disturbance information such as afforestation, logging, and deforestation should be incorporated into the model to improve the accuracy of the calculation results. ③ China should strengthen sustainable forestry management and improve the database system of carbon emission factors such as biomass and carbon content in different regions and for different tree species involved in forest inventory. Forestry carbon accounting provides technical support in order to connect with international carbon accounting standards and scientifically evaluate LULUCF.

Key words: land use,land use change and forestry(LULUCF), method of forestry carbon accounting(Tier3), Umbrella Group, forestry carbon accounting model

CLC Number:

F062.2

TAO Yun, YANG Hongqiang. Comparative study on carbon assessment models in land use, land use change and forestry of typical “Umbrella Group” countries[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(3): 202-210.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Table 1

Progress of IPCC guidelines on greenhouse gas accounting contents"

标准和指南

standards and

guidelines

主要温室气体源/汇

main greenhouse gas

sources / sinks

优点

advantage

不足

disadvantage

IPCC-1996

①森林和其他木质生物质碳储量变化

②森林和草地转化

③放弃地植被的自然恢复引起的生物质碳储量变化

④土壤的碳变化

①首次界定了LULUCF温室气体核算制度和方法

②首次提供了排放因子数据

①方法的灵活性不足（没有可供各国选择的备选方案）

②土地利用变化的内容不完整

③土地利用类型缺乏统一的定义

④无法满足京都议定书有关LULUCF条款的计量要求（有关温室气体碳汇碳源的计量）

IPCC-GPG-

LULUCF

林地、农田、草地、湿地、定居地以及其他之间的转化

①统一了土地利用的分类

②更新和提供了大量的缺省数值

③计量方法更加灵活，提出了3层级方法

农业和林业部门在清单编制时容易出现重复或者遗漏

IPCC-2006-

AFOLU

①土地利用变化的排放：林地、农地、草地、湿地、聚居地、其他土地

②土地上的累积源和非二氧化碳排放源

①明确定义了人类活动引起的GHG源排放和汇清除

②根据火烧所发生的土地类别来决定是否纳入GHG清单的计量

③增加了管理湿地排放核算方法

④HWP碳计量方法得到改进

①林地变化数据获取较困难

②国内实证研究可操作性不强

③由于可获得的科学信息有限，用于估算源于管理湿地导致的甲烷排放的核算方法尚未明确给出

IPCC-2013

①土地利用类型变化的排放：森林、草地、农田、聚居地、湿地

②湿地恢复、泥炭地还湿

①更新了温室气体的原地排放估算方法

②形成了湿地还湿的温室气体排放与吸收的估计方法;

③完善了有关废弃物领域的温室气体清单

④给出以碳储量变化为基础的碳排放和吸收途径的方法学指南

只给出了以碳储量变化为基础的碳吸收和碳排放的方法学指南，无法给出湿地排干过程中流失的颗粒有机碳的估算方法及相应的排放因子

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table 3

Comparison of LULUCF carbon accounting models in USA, Canada and Australia"

项目item	美国USA	加拿大Canada	澳大利亚Australia
模型model	FASOM?GHG	CBM?CFS3	FullCAM
层级hierarchy	Tier 3	Tier 3	Tier 3
核算范围 accounting scope	私人森林和农业	经营森林	大陆和项目规模
碳库类型 Carbonpooltype	地上部生物量、地下部生物量、土壤有机碳、枯枝落叶层	枯枝落叶层、死木、土壤有机质碳	地上部生物量、地下部生物量、土壤有机碳、枯枝落叶层、死木
要点 main points	FASOM?GHG模型预测涉及林业和农业的土地利用变化，并为美国私人森林和农业部门提供了一个全面的碳核算系统	CBM-CFS3通过使用森林库存及生长和产量数据来模拟林分层级、景观层级和国家层级森林的碳动态	FullCAM跟踪森林和农业土地利用下植物、产品、碎片和土壤中的碳和氮，以及它们之间的转换
应用领域 application area	应用于评估温室气体减排措施、大气变化影响、林业砍伐政策、农村经济发展项目以及新能源开发前景等方面	用于估算同龄林经营活动和土地利用变化所引起的碳储量变化、比较不同经营措施下森林碳动态、模拟造林后生物量碳动态及木材的分解动态	为农业、林业和两者之间的过渡生产空间和时间上明确的碳储量和排放量估算
适应性 adaptability	评估和预测林业和农业碳库中森林和木质林产品的碳储量和碳变化	模拟不同尺度森林生态系统在干扰下碳储量的年变化	在更精确的空间和时间分辨率下计算过渡和混合系统中的碳储量
区别 difference	①涉及土地在林业和农业两部门的最优分配问题，以评估国家整体福利 ②经济模型 ③林地是指私人林地，公共林地并没有被明确跟踪，并假定随着时间的推移保持不变	①仅涉及林业部门中的碳核算，不适用于农业部门 ②地理模型 ③土地利用变化处理为扰动	①分别追踪林业部门和农业部门的每个子系统中的碳储量 ②集成的评估模型 ③能够在基于栅格的空间模拟模式下运行

Table 3

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Comparative study on carbon assessment models in land use, land use change and forestry of typical “Umbrella Group” countries

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