Research on the nutphenotypic traits and diversities of walnut in western Hunan

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202109004

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 171-179.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202109004

Research on the nutphenotypic traits and diversities of walnut in western Hunan

LI Jianhui¹(), LI Bohai¹^,^*(), WU Sizheng¹, BAI Wenfu¹, YU Lin¹, NIE Dongling¹, YAN Jiawen¹, XIONG Ying¹, XIANG Zuheng², PENG Xianfeng²

1. Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha 410116,China
2. Longshan Forestry Bureau, Longshan 416800,China

Received:2021-09-01 Accepted:2021-10-23 Online:2023-01-30 Published:2023-02-01
Contact: LI Bohai E-mail:jianlee86@hotmail.com;libohai1970@163.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to understand the phenotypic diversity of walnut resources in western Hunan, to provide a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of walnut resources. 【Method】 A total of 223 walnut resources from Longshan County, Luxi County, Jingzhou County, and Shimen County in Hunan were used to measure the phenotypic quality and quantitative characteristics of nuts. Diversity and cluster analyses of 21 phenotypic characteristics were conducted. 【Result】 The coefficient of variation of walnut quality traits in western Hunan ranged from 18.71% to 79.21%, and the Simpson and Shannon Wiener indices ranged from 0.171 to 0.823, and 0.450 to 2.760, respectively. The coefficient of variation of quantitative traits ranged from 8.37% to 27.49%. The nut weight ranged between 5.28 and 31.70 g, and there were four small walnut resources that weighed less than 7 g, and four large walnut resources whose weight exceeded 22 g. In addition to the nut phenotypic traits described based on the “Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity, and stability-Juglans (Juglans)”, there were eight unreported nut traits in this study. Among them, three for nut shape, three for shape of longitudinal section perpendicular, one for shape of cross-section, and one for skin color of kernels. The average coefficient of phenotype differentiation was 64.03%, and the variation in the 21 phenotypic traits among populations was larger than that within populations in this area. The results of the cluster analysis showed that 15 populations could be divided into four groups at a Euclidean distance of 15. The Mantel test showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Euclidean distance and geographical distance (R=0.502, P= 0.023). 【Conclusion】 The phenotypic diversity of walnuts in western Hunan was abundant, and this phenotypic diversity was manifested itself in the form of an array of phenotypic clusters.

Key words: Juglans regia and J. sigillata(walnut), phenotypic traits, diversity, western Hunan Province

CLC Number:

S722

LI Jianhui, LI Bohai, WU Sizheng, BAI Wenfu, YU Lin, NIE Dongling, YAN Jiawen, XIONG Ying, XIANG Zuheng, PENG Xianfeng. Research on the nutphenotypic traits and diversities of walnut in western Hunan[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(1): 171-179.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

The description and assignment of nut quality character for walnut accessions"

性状代码 traits code	质量性状 quality trait	赋值及描述 description and assignment
Q1	沿缝合线纵切面形状 shape in longitudinal section through suture	1.椭圆形elliptic;2.阔椭圆形broad elliptic;3.长圆形long circular;4.圆形circular;5.卵圆形ovate;6.阔卵形broad ovate;7.心形heart-Shaped;8.梯形trapezium;9.其他other
Q2	垂直缝合线纵切面形状(种形) shape in longitudinal section perpendicular to suture(nut shape)	1.圆形elliptic;2.扁圆形oblate;3.倒卵圆形inverted ovate;4.心形heart-shaped;5.阔卵圆形broad ovate;6.三角形triangular;7.方(梯)形squareness (trapezium);8.长椭圆形long circular;9.卵圆形ovate;10.其他other
Q3	坚果横切面形状shape in cross section	1.内凹扁圆形concave oblate;2.扁圆形oblate;3.圆形circular;4.椭圆形elliptic;5.其他other
Q4	果顶形状shape of nut top	1.平weak flat;2.凸medium bulge;3.尖strong pointed
Q5	果肩形状shape of apex perpendicular to suture	1.平truncate;2.圆形rounded;3.耸emarginate;4.溜pointed
Q6	果底形状shape of base perpendicular to suture	1.平flat;2.稍凸medium bulge;3.凸bulge;4.凹emarginate
Q7	刻窝pit on the shell	1.少slightly;2.中moderately;3.多strongly;4.很多embossed
Q8	刻纹groove on the shell	1.平flat;2.浅shallow;3.中medium;4.深deep
Q9	缝合线条数number of pads on suture	1.2条two;2.2~3条two-three;3.3条three;4.2~4条two-four;5.3~4条three-four;6.4条four
Q10	缝合线突出程度prominence of pad on suture	1.凸bulge;2.平flat;3.凹emarginate
Q11	隔膜diaphragm texture	1.膜质membranous;2.纸质papery;3.革质leathery;4.骨质bony
Q12	内褶壁inner pleat wall of shell	1.膜质membranous;2.革质leathery;3.骨质bony;4.退化degeneration
Q13	核仁皮色skin color of kernel	1.白(黄白) white (yellow white);2.浅黄light yellow;3.黄yellow;4.浅褐light brown;5.褐brown;6.紫褐purple brown;7.浅蓝light blue

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig.1

Table 5

Variation coefficients and multiple comparisons of phenotypic traits for walnut"

性状代码 traits code	群体变异系数/% population CV																														均值 mean
性状代码 traits code	CY		DF		HYX			LT		MP		NC		SP		XC		XL		ZG		ZS		BYX		QY		XG		HPS	均值 mean
Q1	30.17		41.10		66.33			42.91		68.18		47.86		51.56		50.48		56.73		27.85		36.06		72.04		53.96		31.35		51.35	48.53 f
Q2	78.59		87.45		131.23			77.83		93.54		80.44		87.71		66.37		74.66		56.61		84.85		73.19		38.73		63.63		78.74	78.24 g
Q3	0.00		13.00		0.00			18.28		20.33		15.05		16.64		19.23		36.11		0.00		21.43		21.35		22.13		20.57		21.07	16.35 abcd
Q4	21.08		24.39		15.97			24.18		21.07		25.15		25.71		25.13		20.75		20.79		18.75		17.98		22.13		0.00		15.97	19.94 bcde
Q5	50.41		58.43		39.12			51.08		61.24		58.67		25.20		55.42		43.54		50.85		42.86		40.18		44.26		59.28		51.60	48.81 f
Q6	33.33		37.40		39.12			45.47		61.24		40.72		45.25		55.31		45.03		22.01		36.49		50.07		44.26		63.82		47.14	44.44 f
Q7	35.14		43.24		34.40			52.21		0.00		42.12		59.15		48.04		51.31		32.20		56.69		33.07		55.78		60.05		59.27	44.18 f
Q8		35.86		30.99		21.07	31.16		22.82		31.98		31.33		26.74		26.61		0.00		54.67		32.20		30.98		37.80		33.33		29.84 e
Q9		0.00		0.00		0.00	56.81		0.00		45.03		73.09		31.77		70.08		0.00		60.00		33.07		0.00		0.00		37.27		27.14 e
Q10		0.00		0.00		0.00	29.53		0.00		34.40		31.43		0.00		24.94		33.07		36.08		33.07		0.00		0.00		0.00		14.83 abc
Q11		10.20		14.56		15.21	24.81		15.97		21.32		25.20		11.55		11.55		28.63		25.86		15.59		30.98		53.45		0.00		20.33 cde
Q12		15.06		23.93		21.07	33.05		26.31		32.18		28.34		29.24		32.04		23.01		30.00		19.25		15.49		37.64		37.27		26.92 e
Q13		44.20		35.98		0.00	28.56		40.75		33.67		32.77		18.58		30.66		34.88		33.54		0.00		31.62		35.19		28.28		28.58 e
q14		21.20		19.11		25.29	24.22		22.44		25.82		25.56		28.15		27.77		8.98		14.77		20.00		36.64		38.46		38.92		25.16 de
q15		11.49		9.49		8.56	9.57		6.57		10.03		8.55		9.06		11.07		5.71		14.76		9.02		9.89		18.39		13.67		10.39 ab
q16		8.59		6.80		6.38	7.36		3.99		7.54		9.12		10.47		8.80		4.25		10.05		7.58		10.59		11.78		11.34		8.31 a
q17		7.13		7.38		6.82	7.25		5.84		8.59		6.11		11.37		11.57		2.47		10.47		6.86		12.54		12.68		15.45		8.84 a
q18		8.77		7.29		6.11	7.76		4.57		7.97		6.07		9.91		8.71		3.12		11.81		7.39		10.73		14.73		13.37		8.55 a
q19		8.37		8.32		6.42	8.21		6.51		7.93		9.57		6.77		10.44		5.83		8.03		8.05		6.28		8.26		3.08		7.47 a
q20		22.61		19.79		32.77	23.04		24.19		26.38		29.00		26.97		21.71		51.02		31.30		23.10		33.95		24.87		5.15		26.39 e
q21		10.26		10.82		13.64	11.20		8.88		12.25		14.94		9.06		13.17		15.19		23.84		7.08		18.52		10.61		10.90		12.69 abc
均值mean		21.55		23.78		23.31	29.26		24.50		29.29		30.59		26.17		30.35		20.31		31.54		25.24		25.21		28.69		27.29		26.47

Table 5

Table 6

Fig.2

Fig.3

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群体名及代码 populations code	地理位置 geographic location	海拔/m altitude	年降水量/mm annual rainfall	年均气温/ ℃ temperature	取样数量/株 samples
茨岩CY	龙山县茨岩塘镇(109°36'25″E,29°25'6″N)	412~1 456	1 286	13.4	10
靛房DF	龙山县靛房镇(109°34'45″E,28°58'50″N)	291~1 192	1 367	16.8	39
红岩溪HYX	龙山县红岩溪镇(109°38'21″E,29°17'49″N)	340~1 175	1 573	16.4	5
洛塔LT	龙山县洛塔乡(109°32'7″E,29°12'24″N)	325~1 430	1 300	13.0	41
茅坪MP	龙山县茅坪乡(109°30'4″E,29°20'42″N)	587~1 385	1 278	13.1	5
农车NC	龙山县农车镇(109°38'20″E,29°10'45″N)	434~1 057	1 568	15.2	45
石牌SP	龙山县石牌镇(109°35'56″E,29°34'38″N)	550~1 737	1 304	15.8	8
洗车XC	龙山县洗车河镇(109°32'25″E,29°04'19″N)	256~1 197	1 388	16.4	14
洗洛XL	龙山县洗洛乡(109°28'37″E,29°24'39″N)	520~1 335	1 305	15.7	14
咱果ZG	龙山县咱果乡(109°21'41″E,29°01'52″N)	220~1 197	1 417	15.8	7
召市ZS	龙山县召市镇(109°25'46″E,29°14'39″N)	617~1 430	1 305	15.8	9
白羊溪BYX	泸溪县白羊溪乡(110°07'14″E,28°12'43″N)	204~792	1 418	16.0	7
渠阳QY	靖州县渠阳镇(109°42°2″E,26°34'45″N)	278~1 178	1 372	16.8	6
壶瓶山HPS	石门县壶瓶山镇(110°47'25″E,29°56'28″N)	220~2 099	1 899	9.2	5
新关XG	石门县新关镇(111°19'6″E,29°37'24″N)	46~204	1 540	16.7	8
总计total					223

质量性状代码 traits code	各级所占比例/% the proportion of each level										变异系数/% CV	多样性指数diversity index
质量性状代码 traits code	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	变异系数/% CV	Simpson	Shannon-Wiener
Q1	5.38	16.59	7.62	30.94	8.97	14.35	1.35	12.56	2.24		46.93	0.823	2.760
Q2	30.04	23.77	7.62	0.90	3.59	1.79	20.18	0.90	2.69	8.52	79.21	0.797	2.302
Q3		84.30	15.25		0.45						18.71	0.266	0.657
Q4	4.04	37.67	58.30								22.61	0.517	1.171
Q5	37.67	21.97	19.28	21.08							52.16	0.728	1.942
Q6	30.94	43.05	12.11	13.90							47.44	0.685	1.812
Q7	42.60	31.39	21.97	4.04							47.57	0.670	1.717
Q8	14.35	59.64	22.87	3.14							32.19	0.570	1.490
Q9	89.24	6.73	0.45	3.59							51.79	0.198	0.616
Q10	90.58	9.42									26.75	0.171	0.450
Q11	4.04	6.73	65.47	23.77							21.96	0.509	1.342
Q12		52.91	26.01	21.08							29.87	0.608	1.465
Q13	5.83	13.90	26.46	39.46	13.45	0.45	0.45				32.24	0.733	2.061

数量性状代码 traits code	数量性状 quantitative trait	最大值 max	最小值 min	极差 range	均值 mean	标准差 SD	变异系数/% CV
q14	单果质量/g nut weight	31.70	5.28	26.42	13.07	3.59	27.49
q15	纵径/mm longitudinal diameter	44.47	22.13	22.34	31.83	3.56	11.17
q16	横径/mm transverse diameter	37.68	22.20	15.48	29.50	2.50	8.48
q17	侧径/mm lateral diameter	42.16	25.84	16.32	32.01	2.86	8.92
q18	三径均值/mm geometric mean diameter	40.97	23.58	13.79	30.98	2.76	8.92
q19	果形指数nut shape index	1.25	0.74	0.51	0.97	0.08	8.37
q20	壳厚/mm shell thickness	2.91	0.56	2.35	1.51	0.40	26.48
q21	出仁率/% kernel rate	67.32	29.60	48.03	37.32	6.21	12.92

性状代码 traits code	方差分量 variance component		F	方差分量百分比/% percentage of variance portion		表型分化系数/% coefficient of phenotype differentiation
性状代码 traits code	群体间 inter-population	群体内 intra-population	F	群体间 inter-population	群体内 intra-population	表型分化系数/% coefficient of phenotype differentiation
Q1	5.543 3	4.306 8	1.29	56.28	43.72	56.28
Q2	6.632 7	9.770 0	0.68	40.44	59.56	40.44
Q3	0.204 1	0.163 5	1.25	55.52	44.48	55.52
Q4	0.286 3	0.333 3	0.86	46.21	53.79	46.21
Q5	1.888 3	1.326 8	1.42	58.73	41.27	58.73
Q6	2.521 3	0.879 4	2.87^*	74.14	25.86	74.14
Q7	1.136 5	0.772 0	1.47	59.55	40.45	59.55
Q8	0.833 9	0.454 0	1.83^*	64.75	35.25	64.75
Q9	0.127 2	0.082 9	1.53	60.55	39.45	60.55
Q10	0.833 9	0.454 0	1.84^*	64.75	35.25	64.75
Q11	1.285 5	0.404 9	3.18^*	76.05	23.95	76.05
Q12	1.110 4	0.609 9	1.82^*	64.55	35.45	64.55
Q13	1.914 0	1.183 4	1.62	61.79	38.21	61.79
q14	35.718 2	11.370 6	3.14^*	75.85	24.15	75.85
q15	35.469 9	11.111 0	3.19^*	76.15	23.85	76.15
q16	13.360 7	5.772 4	2.31^*	69.83	30.17	69.83
q17	11.137 3	7.951 8	1.40	58.34	41.66	58.34
q18	23.617 7	8.162 4	2.89^*	74.32	25.68	74.32
q19	0.012 9	0.006 2	2.08^*	67.54	32.46	67.54
q20	0.343 3	0.147 7	2.32^*	69.92	30.08	69.92
q21	80.603 3	35.691 8	2.26^*	69.31	30.69	69.31
均值mean	10.694 3	4.807 4	2.22^*	64.03	35.97	64.03

Research on the nutphenotypic traits and diversities of walnut in western Hunan

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