Correlation analysis and model construction of nut phenotype and kernel quality of early-fruiting walnuts (Juglans regia)

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202401005

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 119-127.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202401005

Correlation analysis and model construction of nut phenotype and kernel quality of early-fruiting walnuts (Juglans regia)

LI Yang¹^,²^,³(), ZHANG Yunqi³(), WEN Yue⁴, ZHANG Suilin¹, CHEN Yonghao³, QI Jianxun³, ZHANG Junpei²^,^*(), HOU Zhixia¹^,^*()

1. State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
3. Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
4. College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China

Received:2024-01-05 Revised:2024-03-01 Online:2025-01-30 Published:2025-01-21
Contact: ZHANG Junpei, HOU Zhixia E-mail:18753826349@163.com;zhyq1985@bjfu.edu.cn;zhangjunpei@caf.ac.cn;hzxn2004@163.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】There are correlations between phenotypic traits and fruit qualities. This study clarifies the relationships between nuts’ phenotypic traits and kernels’ qualities in early-fruiting walnuts from the Beijing-Hebei region, aiming to construct association models that provide a basis for preliminarily distinguishing nut qualities through phenotypic traits. 【Method】 The research focused on the superior genotypes of early-fruiting walnuts (Juglans regia) in the selection nursery at the Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. Nine nut phenotypic traits and four kernel qualities were measured during the fruit ripening stage. Based on these data, coefficients of variation, correlations, and variances were analyzed, and suitable regression models were constructed through fitting verification. 【Result】(1) The variation across 13 nut indices reaches a very significant level (P<0.01), with the coefficients of variation ranging from 5.43% to 28.63%. Except for sphericity, geometric average diameter, kernel yield, oil content, and protein content, the coefficients of variation for all other indicators exceed 10%. (2) Nut qualities exhibit intercorrelations. Oil content is closely related to the kernel yield and shows a significant positive correlation with soluble sugar content, but it is not closely related to starch or protein content. The protein and soluble sugar content demonstrate similar relationships with nut phenotypic traits, showing a significant negative correlation with nut size and dry weight and a significant positive correlation with volume kernel yield. Both are also significantly negatively correlated with starch content; the starch content is positively correlated with nut size and dry weight but negatively correlated with volume kernel yield.(3) Regression models are constructed based on the correlations between nut phenotypic traits and kernel qualities. There is a linear relationship between oil content and kernel yield, a parabolic relationship between soluble sugar content and volume kernel percentage, a linear relationship between starch content and nut volume, and a linear relationship between protein content and geometric average diameter. The models are validated by model fitting, with the difference between the predicted and actual values within the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) accounting for more than 95% of the total, demonstrating the models’ reasonableness and reliability. 【Conclusion】 Reliable regression models are constructed based on the close relationship between nut phenotypic traits and kernel qualities. These models can preliminarily distinguish nut quality and are helpful for the initial screening of suitable cultivars or strains.

Key words: Juglans regia, phenotypic trait, kernel quality, screening of cultivars or strain, model fitting

CLC Number:

S664.1
S718

LI Yang, ZHANG Yunqi, WEN Yue, ZHANG Suilin, CHEN Yonghao, QI Jianxun, ZHANG Junpei, HOU Zhixia. Correlation analysis and model construction of nut phenotype and kernel quality of early-fruiting walnuts (Juglans regia)[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(1): 119-127.

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Table 3

Fig. 2

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统计指标 statistical indicator	单果质量/g nut weight	壳厚/mm shell thickness	仁质量/g kernel weight	壳质量/g shell weight	出仁率/% percent kernel	球形度 sphericity	单果体积/ cm³ nut volume	含油率/% oil content	可溶性糖质量分数/% soluble sugar content	淀粉质量分数/% starch content	蛋白质质量分数/% protein content	体积出仁率/ cm^-3 kernel content per unit volume	几何平均直径/mm geometric mean diameter
最小值min.	7.18	0.78	4.11	2.06	41.35	0.77	9.33	53.06	2.90	1.36	15.76	1.25	26.12
最大值max.	19.88	1.59	9.98	9.88	67.16	1.08	39.33	72.46	5.90	2.91	19.99	5.17	42.19
极差range	12.70	0.81	5.87	7.82	25.81	0.31	30.00	19.40	3.00	1.55	4.23	3.92	16.07
均值mean	13.05	1.32	7.08	5.66	54.40	0.92	22.26	63.10	4.48	2.13	18.16	2.62	34.64
标准差SD	2.43	0.19	1.38	1.39	5.27	0.05	5.69	5.30	0.89	0.46	1.07	0.75	3.01
变异系数/% CV	18.62	14.39	19.49	24.56	9.69	5.43	25.56	8.40	19.87	21.60	5.89	28.63	8.69

坚果性状 nut trait		单果质量 nut weight	壳厚 shell thickness			仁质量 kernel weight	壳质量 shell weight					球形度 sphericity
壳厚 shell thickness		0.389^**	1
仁质量 kernel weight		0.872^**	0.126^**			1
壳质量 shell weight		0.867^**	0.561^**			0.514^**	1
出仁率 percent kernel	-0.152^**			-0.521^**	0.342^**			-0.612^**	1
体积出仁率 kernel content per unit volume	-0.790^**			-0.330^**	-0.604^**			-0.766^**	0.302^**	1
几何平均直径 geometric mean diameter	0.780^**			0.153^**	0.740^**			0.612^**	0.008	-0.926^**	1
球形度 sphericity	0.113^**			0.119^**	0.065			0.132^**	-0.077	0.031	-0.079^*	1
单果体积 nut volume	0.769^**			0.149^**	0.722^**			0.611^**	-0.009	-0.905^**	0.994^**	-0.088^*	1
含油率 oil content	-0.120^**			-0.429^**	0.320^**			-0.535^**	0.886^**	0.265^**	0.01	-0.041	-0.004	1
可溶性糖含量 soluble sugar content	-0.760^**			-0.270^**	-0.635^**			-0.682^**	0.169^**	0.838^**	-0.855^**	-0.189^**	-0.854^**	0.112^**	1
淀粉含量 starch content	0.579^**			0.065	0.584^**			0.417^**	0.069	-0.767^**	0.853^**	-0.554^**	0.848^**	0.053	-0.602^**	1
蛋白质含量 protein content1	-0.597^**			-0.080*	-0.575^**			-0.452^**	-0.022	0.706^**	-0.772^**	-0.008	-0.770^**	-0.015	0.672^**	-0.628^**

统计项 statistical item	含油率 oil content	可溶性糖含量 soluble sugar content	淀粉含量 starch content	蛋白质含量 protein content
MSE	6.05	0.20	0.06	0.46
RMSE	2.46	0.45	0.24	0.68
MAE	2.06	0.35	0.20	0.58
MAPE/%	3.27	8.28	9.71	3.24

Correlation analysis and model construction of nut phenotype and kernel quality of early-fruiting walnuts (Juglans regia)

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[1]	LU Qiwei, TUO Yunfei, ZHENG Yang, LUO Wei, DAI Qinlong, HE Xiahong. Research on characteristics of soil infiltration at different altitude gradients in Liziping Nature Reserve [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(2): 143-152.
[2]	TAO Tao, LIU Yaohui, XUE Zhongjun, GAO Yue, YUAN Luhong, ZHENG Fen, WU Wei, HUANG Jieying. Studies on the phenotypic traits and quality characteristics of seven superior tree nuts of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(2): 37-44.
[3]	ZHANG Yunqi, DONG Ningguang, HAO Yanbin, CHEN Yonghao, ZHANG Junpei, HOU Zhixia, SU Shuchai, WU Jiaqing, QI Jianxun. Nuts’ phenotypic diversity analysis and character evaluation of 109 high-yield walnut individual trees [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(3): 87-96.
[4]	LI Jianhui, LI Bohai, WU Sizheng, BAI Wenfu, YU Lin, NIE Dongling, YAN Jiawen, XIONG Ying, XIANG Zuheng, PENG Xianfeng. Research on the nutphenotypic traits and diversities of walnut in western Hunan [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(1): 171-179.
[5]	ZHANG Qingyuan, TIAN Ye, WANG Miao, ZHAI Zheng, ZHOU Shichao. Phenotypic traits differentiations and classifications of the F₁ hybrid progenies of Populus deltoides × P. cathayana at the seedling stage [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(5): 40-48.
[6]	TIAN Li, XU Chengwei, SHANG Xulan, FU Xiangxiang. Evaluation and selection on superior individuals for medicinal use of Cyclocarya paliurus [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(1): 21-28.
[7]	LIU Yumei, ZHAO Huanyuan, CUI Maokai, WANG Tianyu, GAO Xiangqian, YANG Guiyan. Cloning and stress response of the JrERF2⁃2 gene from Juglans regia [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(3): 58-64.
[8]	LIU Shuguang, DUAN Peiling, ZHANG Lixia, DUAN Xiangguang, GUO Lili, LIU Wei, HOU Xiaogai. Effects of different nitrogen forms on phenotypic traits, photosynthesis and yield of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’ [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(04): 161-168.
[9]	MAI Baoying, HONG Zhou, XU Daping, LUO Mingdao, ZHANG Ningnan, HUANG Xizhao. Variation of seed germination and seedling growth among different families of Dalbergia cochinchinensis [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(02): 153-160.
[10]	LI Dapei,WANG Yi ,ZHANG Shangkun ,ZHAO Xiang^1,2,ZHAO Huanyuan ,LIU Yumei^1,2,YANG Guiyan^{1,2 }. Drought resistance analysis of a V-ATPase c subunit(JrVHAc4)gene from Juglans regia* [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(02): 79-85.
[11]	ZHANG Lin, GUO Lili, GUO Dalong, HOU Xiaogai. Separation analysis and mixed genetic analysis of phenotypic traits in F₁ progenies of tree peony [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2018, 42(06): 51-60.
[12]	JIN Gaozhong, REN Huadong, YAO Xiaohua, WANG Kailiang, YANG Shuiping. Study on phenotypic diversity of seed and fruit in natural populations of Camellia reticulate f.simplex in the west of Yunnan,China [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2013, 37(06): 53-58.